物质聚集状态-2011.pptVIP

FIGURE 10-19 States of Matter Compared 5.1 气 态 什么是理想气体？ 低压、高温的实际气体近似于理想气体 理想气体遵循理想气体状态方程 Graphical Representation of Boyle’s Law Graphical Representation of Charles’s Law Boyle’s Law: Charles’s Law: Avogadro’s Law: 理想气体状态方程式的应用 分压定律 Partial Pressures Illustrated FIGURE 9-9 分体积定律 Formation of a Saturated Solution Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure FIGURE 11-14 海鱼不能在河水中生存,汤的加热. 水和冰的蒸气压力曲线 Note： (1) 曲线上的每一点对应着相应压力下水的沸点、凝固点 (2) 液体的饱和蒸气压随温度升高而增大；沸点随外压增加而升高 AB：纯水的蒸气压曲线 AC：冰的蒸气压曲线 A：P下，Tf*时，水凝固 B：P*下，Tb*时，水沸腾 T/K P(H2O,g)/Pa Tf* P P* Tb* 水 冰 A B C 水溶液的沸点上升和凝固点下降示意图 ΔTb ΔTf P* P(H2O,g)/Pa Tf* P 水 冰 A B Tb* 沸点增加 ΔTb 凝固点降低 ΔTf B’ A’ Tb Tf ΔTb = Kb · mB ΔTf = Kf · mB Kb：溶剂的摩尔沸点升高常数 (ebuillioscopic constant) Kf：溶剂的摩尔凝固点下降常数 (cryoscopic constant) mB：溶质的质量摩尔浓度 沸点升高 ( Boiling – Point Elevation ) 含有难挥发性非电解质溶质的稀溶液，其沸点总高于纯溶剂的沸点，沸点升高值与溶液中溶质的质量摩尔浓度成正比，而与溶质本性无关。 凝固点降低 ( Freezing – Point Repression ) 含有难挥发性非电解质溶质的稀溶液，其凝固点总低于纯溶剂的凝固点，凝固点下降值与溶质的质量摩尔浓度成正比，而与溶质本性无关。 Note： 1). 纯溶剂的沸点恒定，而溶液沸点不断变化(浓度不断变化，饱和溶液的沸点恒定)，一般指溶液的沸点是指溶液刚开始沸腾时的温度。 2). ΔTb = Kb?mB 只适用于难挥发非电解质稀溶液，对于电解质溶液及浓溶液，沸点升高的定性关系成立，但定量关系需要校正。 Net flow of water from the outside (pure H2O) to the solution. The solution increases in volume until … … the height of solution exerts the osmotic pressure (π) of the solution. Fig. 11-14, p. 465 In this device to measure osmotic pressure, the semi-permeable membrane allows solvent, but not solute, molecules to pass through. This results in a net flow of solvent into the tube until equilibrium is achieved, with the level of solution at a height, h, above the solvent in the beaker. Once this happens, the solvent molecules pass through the membrane at the same rate in both directions. p. 466 When a carrot is immersed in saltwater (left), water flows out into the solution, causing the carrot to shrink. The osmotic pressure outside the cells of the vegetable is greater than that inside. A carrot left in pure water (right) does