三联体密码（课件.pptVIP

The genetic code and tRNA The genetic code tRNA structure and function The genetic code Nature Deciphering Features Effect of mutation ORFs Overlapping genes Nature The genetic code (triplet codon) The genetic code is the correspondence between the sequence of the four bases in nucleic acids and the sequence of the 20 amino acids in proteins. Triplets: 43=64, amino acids: 20 (degenerate) The genetic code is very nearly, but no quite, universal. The rule of triplet coden 三联体密码(triplet coden) mRNA分子上从5?至3?方向，由AUG开始，每3个核苷酸为一组，决定肽链上某一个氨基酸或蛋白质合成的起始、终止信号，称为三联体密码 起始密码(initiation coden): AUG 终止密码(termination coden): UAA，UAG，UGA 三联体密码以线性方式阅读，中间不重叠也不停顿 遗传密码表 密码子使用规律 原核生物中大部分以AUG为起始密码子，少数使用GUG，真核生物则全部使用AUG为起始密码子，而终止密码子UAA、UAG、UGA全部被使用，有时连用两个密码子， 以便更保险地终止肽链合成。 哺乳动物中，对同义密码子的使用差异甚大，有的广泛使用，有些则有所偏爱。 大肠杆菌中，以C、U为结尾的同义密码，若前两个碱基为A、U，则第三位碱基优先使用C而不是U，如前两个碱基为C、G，则优先使用U。 Deciphering 1960s, Nirenberg, E.coli , cell-free protein synthesizing system Features Directivity Continuity Degeneracy Universality Wobble 连续性(continuity) 编码蛋白质氨基酸序列的各个三联体密码连续阅读，密码间既无间断也无交叉。 基因损伤引起mRNA阅读框架内的碱基发生插入或缺失，可能导致框移突变(frameshift mutation)。 Degeneracy Only methionine and tryptophan have single codons. Generally they differ only in their third position. In all cases, if the third position is a pyrimidine, then the codons specify the same amino acid (are synonymous). In most cases, if the third position is a purine the codons are also synonymous. If the second position is a pyrimidine then generally the amino acid specified is hydrophilic. If the second position is a purine then generally the amino acid specified is polar. 遗传密码表 通用性(universality) 蛋白质生物合成的整套密码，从原核生物到人类都通用。 少数例外，如动物细胞的线粒体、植物细胞的叶绿体。 摆动性(wobble) 转运氨基酸的tRNA的反密码需要通过碱基互补与mRNA上的遗传密码反向配对结合，但反密码与密码间不严格遵守常见的碱基配对规律，称为摆动配对。 密码子、反密码子配对的摆动现象 Effect of mutation Mutation types: transition, transversion In the third position, transitions usually have no effect, but can cause changes between Met and Ile, or Trp and stop. Just over half of transve