双语管理第三章.pptVIP

Foundations of Planning L E A R N I N G O U T C O M E S Define planning. Explain the potential benefits of planning. Identify potential drawbacks to planning. Distinguish between strategic and tactical plans. Recognize when directional plans are preferred over specific plans. Define management by objectives and identify its common elements. Outline the steps in the strategic management process. L E A R N I N G O U T C O M E S (cont’d) Describe the four grand strategies. Explain SWOT analysis. Describe how entrepreneurs identify a competitive advantage. Planning Defined Defining the organization’s objectives or goals Establishing an overall strategy for achieving those goals Developing a comprehensive hierarchy of plans to integrate and coordinate activities Planning is concerned with ends (what is to be done) as well as with means (how it is to be done). EXHIBIT 3–1 Reasons for Planning Criticisms Of Formal Planning Planning may create rigidity. Plans can’t be developed for a dynamic environment. Formal plans can’t replace intuition and creativity. Planning focuses managers’ attention on today’s competition, not on tomorrow’s survival. Formal planning reinforces success, which may lead to failure. The Bottom Line: Does Planning Improve Organizational Performance? Formal planning means higher profits, higher return on assets, and other positive financial results. Planning process quality and implementation contribute more to high performance than does the extent of planning. When external environment restrictions allowed managers few viable alternatives, planning did not lead to higher performance. EXHIBIT 3–2 Types of Plans Planning: Focus and Time Strategic Plans Are organization-wide, establish overall objectives, and position an organization in terms of its environment. Tactical Plans Specify the details of how an organization’s overall objectives are to be achieved. Short-term Plans Cover less than one year. Long-term Plans Extend beyond five years. Stra