主从复合句及定语从句.docVIP

主从复合句及“定语从句” 1. 主从复合句的概念： 即上一章所提的由两个或两个以上的分句构成一个复杂句，其中一个为主句，其余的分句为主句的成分。 2. 主句和从句的逻辑关系分类： 1) 从句作主句的定语（修饰主句中的一个名词短语或代词），这种从句叫定语从句。具体见下节。 2) 从句做主句的状语。这种从句叫状语从句。 3) 从句象一个名词结构一样，在从句中作主语、宾语、表语、同位语，这种从句叫名词性从句。 3. 从句的结构： 所有从句)的结构都是这个模式：连词(或称从句引导词，单纯只起连接作用或兼作从句成分)+主语部分+谓语部分。 4. 定语从句 1) 定语从句的概念：跟在一个名词短语或代词后面，修饰该名词短语或代词的一个分句。被修饰的名词短语或代词叫先行词。如下列例句中的____部分为主句，黑斜体部分为先行词，　　部分为定语从句部分： Justin’s mother, who was working that night, was surprised that his son did not tell anyone that he was staying out late. Standing inside were lots of white-skinned strange-looking creatures which had large black eyes. 2) 定语从句引导词： 在定语从句中，从句引导词既连接从句和主句又作从句的成分。共分为三类 (1) 关系代词，在定语从句中指代先行词，作定语从句的主语、宾语或表语。包括： ① 指代人 (也就是引导修饰人的定语从句) 的关系代词who, whom, that，其中who和that既可以作主语也可以做宾语，whom只可以作宾语。作表语只用that。如： The police officer who / that had ruled out the possibility of murder was very experienced.(who / that作定语从句的主语) The boy who(m) / that they found missing was called Justin Foster.(who / whom / that作定语从句的谓语动词found的宾语) Tom is not the small boy that he used to be. (that在从句中作表语) ② 指代事物(也就是引导修饰事物的定语从句) 的关系代词which和that，两者都既可以作主语也可以做宾语。That还可作表语。如： The spaceship that / which moved around to the side of the house gave off very bright lights.(that / which作定语从句的主语) Water, without which humans couldn’t live, is the most valuable resouce on the earth.(which作定语从句中的介词without的宾语) This place is not the village that it was ten years ago.(that在从句中作表语) (2) 关系限定词whose，在定语从句中作定语，指代“名词先行词’s”或物主限定词his, her等，引导修饰人(间或为事物，此时可用whose可被of which替代)的定语从句。如： The strange-looking man whose eyes were large and black walked over to Justin.(whose作eyes的定语，指代the strange-looking man’s，从句修饰人) The house whose windows we have just fixed were broken into by burglars.(whose作 windows的定语，指代the house’s，从句修饰事物) (3) 关系副词where, when和why，在定语从句中作状语，相当于“介词+地点名词先行词/时间名词先行词/原因名词先行词”，各自引导修饰这些名词的定语从句。如： The mountain where the volcano lies is not far from here.(where在从句中作谓语动词lies的状语，相当于in the mountain从句修饰the mountain) The days when people felt content with a simple life a