Trade Remedy Laws and Agriculture Case for Reform：贸易救济法律改革农业情况.pptVIP

Trade Remedy Laws and Agriculture Presentation will cover Emergence and evolution of trade remedies Trade remedy measures CVD, AD, SG, SSG Use of trade remedies by countries Issues Emergence Evolution of TR McKinley Tariff (1890) created 1st CVD. Canada (1904) created 1st AD mechanism. The US adopted AD law in 1916. 1920s 1930s most industrial countries adopted TR. GATT Art. VI (1947) and Tokyo Round Code on AD (1979) attempted to discipline TR. UR Agreement (1994) marks a major effort to bring discipline to TR measures. Trade Remedy Measures Countervailing Duties (CVD) GATT Article VI (1994) allows the use of CVD to offset public subsidies for the manufacture, production or export of any merchandise. CVD use requires 1) proving the existence of subsidy 2) proving that the subsidized import causes or threatens to cause injury to domestic industry. Antidumping (AD) Dumping: the introduction of a product of one country into the commerce of another country at less than its fair or normal value. Normal value: comparable price for the product, in the ordinary course of trade, when destined for domestic consumption. AD duties can be used if it is proven that 1) dumping exists and 2) causes or threatens to cause material injury. Safeguards (SG) GATT Article XIX (1994) allows temporary border measures to be imposed if import surge causes or threatens to cause serious injury. Special Agricultural Safeguards (SSG) Under WTO AoA provision, SSG duties can be levied when imports exceed pre-set volume or value trigger. SSGs can be applied only to products identified with SSG symbol in country schedules. Injury determination is not a pre-requisite for SSG implementation. In Summary How are Members using TR? Developing country use of AD and CVD is growing. # of countries using SG limited by domestic legislation. SSG use restricted to those countries and commodities with SSG notif