Fig 4-1 Pure-crystal energy-band diagram图4-1纯晶体的能带图.pptVIP

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Fig 4-1 Pure-crystal energy-band diagram图4-1纯晶体的能带图.ppt

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Fig 4-1 Pure-crystal energy-band diagram图4-1纯晶体的能带图

Half Power Beam Width (θ1/2) The angle at which the power is half of its peak value L = 1 For Lambertian source Source-to-Fiber Power Launching Assume a surface-emitting LED of radius rs less than the fiber-core radius a. The total optical power Ps emitted from the source of area As into a hemisphere (2π sr) is given by * In terms of Ps the optical power coupled into a step-index fiber from the LED is Source-to-Fiber Power Coupling Comparison of the optical powers coupled into two step-index fibers * Lenses for Coupling Improvement If the source emitting area is smaller than the core area, a miniature lens can improve the power-coupling efficiency. * Efficient lensing method Requires more precise alignment Fiber-to-Fiber Joints Different modal distributions of the optical beam emerging from a fiber result in different degrees of coupling loss. * A steady-state modal equilibrium has been established in the emitting fiber. All modes in the emitting fiber are equally excited. Achieving a steady-state in the receiving fiber results in an additional loss. Mechanical Misalignment For a receiving fiber to accept all the optical power emitted by the first fiber, there must be perfect mechanical alignment between the two fibers, and their geometric and waveguide characteristics must match precisely. Mechanical alignment is a major problem in joining fibers. * Axial Displacement Axial or lateral displacement results when the axes of the two fibers are separated by a distance d. This misalignment is the most common and has the greatest power loss. For the step-index fiber, the coupling efficiency is simply the ratio of the common-core area to the core end-face area: * Angular Misalignment When two fiber ends are separated longitudinally by a gap s, not all the higher-mode optical power emitted in the ring of width x will be intercepted by the receiving fiber. The loss for an offset joint between two identical step-index fibers is * Optical Fiber Connectors Principal require