传统贸易理论3 要素禀赋理论.pptxVIP

2.5.1要素禀赋理论提出的背景及简介要素禀赋理论创始人及研究角度时间：20世纪20-30年代代表人物：瑞典经济学家赫克歇尔和俄林，萨缪尔森代表作：伊利-赫克歇尔(E.Heckscher，1879-1952)，1919年发表的《对外贸易对收入分配的影响》标志着现代赫克歇尔－俄林理论的诞生。伯利蒂-俄林（B.Ohlin，1899-1979）发表了《区际贸易与国际贸易》萨缪尔森(P.Samuelson，1915-)在国际贸易方面的具有持久影响的论文是1941年的《贸易保护与实际工资》1948年的《国际贸易与要素价格均等化》以及1953年的《一般均衡中的要素价格与商品价格》俄林（Bertil Gotthard Ohlin,1899--1979）赫克歇尔（Eli F Heckscher)1879-19592.5.2.基本概念要素禀赋一国所拥有的可用于生产商品和劳务的各种生产要素的总量要素丰裕度指在一国的生产要素禀赋中某要素供给所占比例大于别国同种要素的供给比例而相对价格低于别国同种要素的相对价格衡量方法：生产要素供给总量、要素相对价格 1、生产要素供给总量：如(TK/TL)1(TK/TL)2，则1国资本相对丰裕，2国劳动相对丰裕。 2、相对要素价格衡量法：如(r/w)1 (r/w)2，则1国资本相对丰裕，2国劳动相对丰裕。3.要素密集度(Relative Factor Intensity)商品生产中所需要的各种要素之间的投入比例。在两种商品（X、Y）和两种要素（K、L）的情况下，如果：则称Y商品为资本密集型产品，X为劳动密集型产品劳动密集型资本密集型技术密集型土地密集型等FIGURE 3-7 Isoquants, Isocosts, and Equilibrium.FIGURE 3-8 Production with Two Nations, Two Commodities, and Two Factors.The Specific Factors ModelPrices, Wages, and Labor AllocationHow much labor will be employed in each sector?To answer the above question we need to look at supply and demand in the labor market.Demand for labor:In each sector, profit-maximizing employers will demand labor up to the point where the value produced by an additional person-hour equals the cost of employing that hour.The Specific Factors ModelThe demand curve for labor in the manufacturing sector can be written: MPLM x PM = w(3-4)The wage equals the value of the marginal product of labor in manufacturing.The demand curve for labor in the food sector can be written: MPLF x PF = w(3-5)The wage rate equals the value of the marginal product of labor in food.The Specific Factors ModelThe wage rate must be the same in both sectors, because of the assumption that labor is freely mobile between sectors.The wage rate is determined by the requirement that total labor demand equal total labor supply: LM + LF = L(3-6)The Specific Factors ModelWage rate, WWage rate, WPF X MPLF(Demand curve for labor in food)1W1PM X MPLM(Demand curve for labor in manufacturing)Labor used in manufactures, LMLabor used in food, LFL1ML1