Gas Chromatography - Welcome to Grossmont College气相色谱-欢迎格罗斯蒙特学院.pptVIP

Gas Chromatography What is “Chromatography” “color writing” the separation of mixtures into their constituents by preferential adsorption by a solid” (Random House College Dictionary, 1988) “Chromatography is a physical method of separation in which the components to be separated are distributed between two phases, one of the phases constituting a ______________ of large surface area, the other being a ______ that percolates through or along the stationary bed.” (Ettre Zlatkis, 1967, “The Practice of Gas Chromatography) Applications Compound must exist as a ____ at a temperature that can be produced by the GC and withstood by the column (up to 450°C) Alcohols in blood Aromatics (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene) Flavors and Fragrances Permanent gases (H2, N2, O2, Ar, CO2, CO, CH4) Hydrocarbons Pesticides, Herbicides, PCBs, and Dioxins Solvents Advantages of Gas Chromatography Requires only very small samples with little preparation Good at separating complex mixtures into components Results are rapidly obtained (1 to 100 minutes) Very high precision Only instrument with the sensitivity to detect volatile organic mixtures of low concentrations Equipment is not very complex (sophisticated oven) Chromatogram of Gasoline Theory of Operation Velocity of a compound through the column depends upon affinity for the stationary phase Process Flow Schematic Gas Chromatograph Components Gas Chromatography Flame Ionization Detector Responds to compounds that produce ____ when burned in an H2-air flame all organic compounds Little or no response to (use a Thermal Conductivity Detector for these gases) CO, CO2, CS2, O2, H2O, NH3, inert gasses Linear from the minimum detectable limit through concentrations ____ times the minimum detectable limit Gas Chromatograph Output Peak ____ proportional to mass of compound injected Peak time dependent on ______ through column Results Retention time (Rt) The time required for the compound to pass through the column Rt is a charact