Issues and Theories问题和理论.pptVIP

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * IV. OTHERSA. Phenomenologists Phenomenology was another German movement. Franz Clemens Brentano (1838-1917) The important aspect of the mind was not what was in it but what it did Mental processes are aimed at performing some function (Act Psychology). All mental acts incorporate something outside of itself (which he called intentionality). He employed phenomenological introspection – introspective analysis of intact, meaningful experiences. IV. OTHERSA. Phenomenologists Phenomenology Carl Stumpf (1848 – 1936) Like Brentano, Stumpf argued for study of intact, meaningful experiences, phenomenology. Influenced the development of Gestalt psychology. The three “founders” of Gestalt psychology studied with Stumpf. Stumpf and a student Oskar Phungst helped investigate the Clever Hans phenomenon. IV. OTHERSA. Phenomenologists Phenomenology Edmund Husserl (1859-1938) Argued that there are two types of introspection One focuses on the intentionality described by Brentano Second focuses on subjective experience which include mental essences (pure phenomenology) His goal was to create a taxonomy of the mind based on the mental essences by which humans experience themselves. Examined sensory content (meanings and essences) not elements (intensity, duration etc.) IV. OTHERSB. Oswald Külpe and the Wutzburg School Oswald Külpe (1862- 1915) Külpe (and the Wutzburg School) challenged Wundt, Proposed imageless thought and that the higher mental processes could be studied experimentally Method called systematic experimental introspection. Now called Verbal Reports Einstellung (or mental set) causes one to behave in a ways unaware that they are doing so. The mental set can be induced by instruction or by past experiences. Supports Wundt but not Titchener. IV. OTHERSC. Hans Vaihinger Hans Vaihinger (1852-1933) Proposed that societal living requires that we give meaning to our sensations, and we do that by inventing term