FINAL CONTROL ELEMENT - Jurusan Teknik Elektro dan 最终控制元件jurusan Teknik公司丹.ppt

FINAL CONTROL ELEMENT FINAL CONTROL ELEMENT The final control element adjust the amount of energy/mass goes into or out from process as commanded by the controller The common energy source of final control elements are: Electric Pneumatic Hydraulic ELECTRIC FINAL CONTROL ELEMENT Electric current/voltage Solenoid Stepping Motor DC Motor AC Motor CHANGING CURRENT/VOLTAGE Current or voltage can be easily changed to adjust the flow of energy goes into the process e.g. in heating process or in speed control Heater elements are often used as device to keep the temperature above the ambient temperature. Energy supplied by the heater element is W = i2rt (i=current, r=resistance, t=time) Motor is often used as device to control the speed CHANGING CURRENT/VOLTAGE Using Potentiometer Amplifier Ward Leonard system Switch (on-off action) Changing Current/VoltageUsing Rheostat I = V/(R1+R2) Power at rheostat P1 =I2R1 Power at heater P2 =I2R2 Disadvantage loss of power at rheostat Example of Heating elements Changing Current/VoltageUsing Amplifier Changing Current/VoltageUsing Ward Leonard System Introduced by Harry Ward Leonard in 1891 Use a motor to rotate a generator at constant speed The output of generator voltage is adjusted by changing the excitation voltage Small change in excitation voltage cause large change in generator voltage Able to produce wide range of voltage (0 to 3000V) Ward Leonard system is popular system to control the speed of big DC motor until 1980’s Now a days semi conductors switches replaces this system Changing Current/VoltageUsing Ward Leonard System Changing Current/VoltageUsing Switch The switch is closed and opened repeatedly No power loss at switch DUTY CYCLE T is period time typical in millisecond order (fix) Ton is switch on time (adjustable) Toff is switch off time Duty Cycle is: (Ton/T) 100% SOLENOID When the coil is energized the core will be pulled in SOLENOID When the coil is energized the core will be pulled i