商务交流考试必备3.ppt

Intercultural Business Communication, 5th. ed., Chaney Martin Unit 3Contrasting Cultural Values Topics Semantic Differences Attribution and Perception Attitudes Toward Women Work Attitudes Attitudes Toward Ethics Religious Influences Individualism and Collectivism What are Values? U.S. Culture 69% 65% White Americans 12% 13% African Americans 3% 4% Asian Americans 12% 15% Hispanic Americans 4% 3% Other Americans Cultural Contrasts in Values Semantic Differences Attribution and Perception Attribution and Perception Uncertainty-reduction theory - “involves the creation of proactive predictions and retroactive explanations about our own and others’ behavior, beliefs, and attitudes” (Gudykunst Ting-Toomy, 1988, p. 22). Uncertainty Avoidance Uncertainty avoidance is defined as the extent to which the members of a culture feel threatened by uncertain or unknown situations. Creates uncertainty Creates anxiety Learned behaviors Reinforced by family, school, and government Uncertainty Avoidance High uncertainty avoidance cultures Latin America Latin Europe Japan South Korea Uncertainty Avoidance Countries with low or weak uncertainty avoidance U.S. A. India United Kingdom Denmark Singapore Differences Between Weak/Strong Uncertainty Avoidance Societies GLOBE Uncertainty Avoidance Defined as tendency towards orderliness, consistency, structure, and regulation Related to societal, economic, and organizational values Higher values found with higher team orientation, humane orientation, and self-protective leadership Lower values found with lower participative and charismatic leadership values Attitudes Toward Women Influenced by cultural roots U.S. women are supposed to have the same rights as men Kenya women are considered subordinate to men. Gender differences in the U.S. workplace are de-emphasized--women are accepted at higher levels in government and in many corporations. Attitudes Toward Women U.S. women have taken two-thirds of new jobs created;