2 Differentiable Manifolds and Tensors - ckw2微分流形与张量-冲孔网.pptVIP

2. Differentiable Manifolds and Tensors 2.1. Definition of a Manifold 2.2. The Sphere as a Manifold 2.3. Other Examples of Manifolds 2.4. Global Considerations 2.5. Curves 2.6. Functions on M 2.7. Vectors and Vector Fields 2.8. Basis Vectors and Basis Vector Fields 2.9.a. Bundles 2.10. Examples of Fiber Bundles Tangent bundle T(M). Tensor field on M. Particle with internal, e.g., isospin, state. Galilean spacetime: B = time, F = E3. Time is a base since every point in space can be assigned the same time in Newtonian mechanics. Relativistic spacetime is a manifold, not a bundle. Frame bundle: derived from T(M) by replacing Tp(M) with the set of all of its bases , which is homomorphic to some linear group. ( see Aldrovandi, §6.5 ) Principal fibre bundle: F ? G. E.g. frame bundle. 2.11. A Deeper Look At Fiber Bundles 2.12. Vector Fields and Integral Curves 2.13. Exponentiation of the Operator d/d? 2.14. Lie Brackets and Noncoordinate Bases 2.15. When Is A Basis A Coordinate Basis? 1-Forms 2.17. Examples of 1-Forms 2.18. The Dirac Delta Function 2.19. The Gradient the Pictorial Representation of a 1-Form 2.20. Basis 1-Forms Components of 1-Forms 2.21. Index Notation 2.22. Tensors Tensor Fields 2.2.3 Examples of Tensors 2.24. Components of Tensors the Outer Product 2.25. Contraction 2.26. Basis Transformations 2.27. Tensor Operations on Components 2.28. Functions Scalars 2.29. The Metric Tensor on a Vector Space 2.30. The Metric Tensor Field on a Manifold 2.31. Special Relativity Let T*x(M) be the dual to the tangent space Tx(M) at x?M. Elements of T*x(M) are called cotangent vectors, covariant vectors, covectors, differential forms, or 1-forms. In contrast, Elements of Tx(M) are called tangent vectors, contravariant vectors, or simply vectors. Let X Y be linear spaces over K. A mapping f : X → Y is called linear if The set L(X,Y) of all linear mappings from X to Y is a linear space over K with ( vector addition ) ( scalar multiplication ) Th