10 ATMOSPHERIC DEPOSITION AND BIOGEOCHEMISTRY10大气沉降与生物地球化学.ppt

10. ATMOSPHERIC DEPOSITION AND BIOGEOCHEMISTRY For in the end we will conserve only what we love. We will love only what we understand. And we will understand only what we are taught. Baba Dioum, African Conservationist Atmosphere, land, and water are interconnected compartments. It makes no sense to speak solely of water pollution because of intermedia transfers to air or land. If one removes pollutions from a wastewater discharge in order to improve water quality, residuals are deposited onto land or, if incinerated, into the air. The atmosphere transfers pollutants to land and water via atmospheric deposition, that is, the transport of pollutants, both gaseous and particulate, from the air to land and water. Acid precipitation is the most common form of atmospheric deposition, and it affects elemental cycling in the environment (biogeochemistry) and heavy metals transport. 10.1 GENESIS OF ACID DEPOSITION The oxidation of carbon, sulfur, and nitrogen, resulting from fossil fuel burning, disturbs redox conditions in the atmosphere. The atmosphere is more susceptible to anthropogenic emissions than are the terrestrial or aqueous environments because, from a quantitative point of view, the atmosphere is much smaller than the other reservoirs. In oxidation-reduction reactions, electron transfers (e-) are coupled with the transfer of protons (H+) to maintain a charge balance. A modification of the redox balance corresponds to a modification of the acid-base balance. Figure 10.1 shows the various reactions that involve atmospheric pollutants and natural components in the atmosphere. The following reactions are of particular importance in the formation of acid precipitation: oxidative reactions, either in the gaseous phase or in the aqueous phase, leading to the formation of oxides or C, S and N (CO2; SO2, SO3, H2SO4; NO, NO2, HNO2, HNO3); absorption of gases into water (cloud droplets, falling raindrops, or fog) and interaction of the resulting acids (SO