要素禀赋及赫克歇尔-俄林理论.pptVIP

Usefulness of the model However, Our trade model must be extended in two important directions: 1) to identify the basis for comparative advantage 2) to examine the effect of international trade on the returns, or earnings, of resources or factors of production in the two trading nations Chapter 5Factor endowments and the Heckscher-Ohlin theory First, we explain the basis of comparative advantage. Second, we analyze the effect that international trade has on the earnings of factors of production in the two trading nations. The assumption of H-O theory Technology ----Factor intensity We say that commodity Y is capital intensive, if the capital-labor ratio (K/L) used in the production of Y is greater than K/L used in the production of X. For example: If: f(2K,2L)=1Y, f(1K,4L)=1X Then: K/LY=2/2=1, K/LX=1/4=0.25 Since: K/LYK/LX Then we say: Y is K intensive, and X is L intensive. Exercise 1 If: f(2K,2L)=1Y, f(3K,12L)=1X Then we say: Y is ? Intensive, and X is ? intensive. Exercise 2: Note that: Is not the absolute amount, but the comparative amount(capital per unit of labor, K/L) We can use figures to express the factor intensity. Figures of Factor intensity Exercise 3 If: f(6K,4L)=1X, f(1K, 2L)=1Y, f(3K, 12L)=1Z Then, draw the figures to express them? Supply of factors ----Factor abundance First, in terms of physical units if TK/TL nation2 TK/TL nation1, then we say: Nation 2 is K abundance. Second, in terms of relative factor price if PK/PL nation2 PK/PL nation1, then we say: Nation 2 is K abundance. Exercise 4 To the sum 1: 一个国家拥有的生产要素的相对数量是不同的(Factor abundance)，每个产品在生产过程中使用的生产要素的相对数量也是不同的(Factor intensity )， Factor abundance and Factor intensity   comparative advantage Factor abundance and Factor intensity The shape of PPF The same preference! To the sum 2: 一国在生产上具有比较优势的产品就是密集的使用其丰裕生产要素的产品 How about the trade patterns? The same preference! Review: If: Y—