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A Brief Introduction to Epidemiology - IX(Epidemiologic Research Designs: Case-Control Studies) Betty C. Jung, RN, MPH, CHES Learning/Performance Objectives To develop an understanding of: What case-control studies are The value of such studies The basic methodology Pros and Cons of such studies Introduction Epidemiology studies the distribution of disease in a number of ways. The two major categories of epidemiological studies are: Observational and experimental studies. Most epidemiological studies are observational. Epidemiological Study Designs Observational Studies - examine associations between risk factors and outcomes (Analytical - determinants and risk of disease, and descriptive - patterns and frequency of disease) Intervention Studies - explore the association between interventions and outcomes. (Experimental studies or clinical trials) Research Designs in Analytic Epidemiology Ecologic Designs Cross-Sectional Study Case-Control Study Cohort Study Case-Control Studies “Flashback Studies” (Paffenbarger, 1988) Retrospective - compare cases and controls for presence of disease Includes passage of time. Historical - assess past characteristics or exposures in two groups of people- cases and controls Examples The relationship between thalidomide and unusual limb defects in Germany The relationship between meat consumption and enteritis necroticans in Papua New Guinea Value Simple to conduct Cost-effective way to study a rare disease Case-Control Studies: Methodology Case Control Design Time Direction of Inquiry Case-Control Studies Cases - Has condition or health outcome of interest. Has higher frequency or greater degree of exposure than non-cases. Controls (non-cases) - Does not have the health condition. Serves as the comparison group Ask about history of contact with or exposure to supposed causes Case-Control Studies If controls are well chosen, the only antecedent difference will be in the level of a characteristic that is r