常用错误处理模块.PPT

Bordoloi and Bock EXPLICIT CURSOR The only means of generating an explicit cursor is for the cursor to be named in the DECLARE section of the PL/SQL Block. The advantages of declaring an explicit cursor over the indirect implicit cursor are that the explicit cursor gives more programmatic control to the programmer. Implicit cursors are less efficient than explicit cursors and thus it is harder to trap data errors. Bordoloi and Bock EXPLICIT CURSOR The process of working with an explicit cursor consists of the following steps: DECLARING the cursor. This initializes the cursor into memory. OPENING the cursor. The previously declared cursor can now be opened; memory is allotted. FETCHING the cursor. The previously declared and opened cursor can now retrieve data; this is the process of fetching the cursor. CLOSING the cursor. The previously declared, opened, and fetched cursor must now be closed to release memory allocation. Bordoloi and Bock DECLARING A CURSOR Declaring a cursor defines the name of the cursor and associates it with a SELECT statement. The first step is to Declare the Cursor with the following syntax: CURSOR c_cursor_name IS select statement Cursor names follow the same rules of scope and visibility that apply to the PL/SQL identifiers. Because the name of the cursor is a PL/SQL identifier, it must be declared before it is referenced. Any valid select statement can be used to define a cursor, including joins and statements with the UNION or MINUS clause. Bordoloi and Bock RECORD TYPES A record is a composite data structure, which means that it is composed of more than one element. Records are very much like a row of a database table, but each element of the record does not stand on its own. PL/SQL supports three kinds of records: Table based Cursor_based, Programmer-defined. Bordoloi and Bock RECORD TYPES A table-based record is one whose structure is drawn from the list of columns in the table. A cursor-based record is one whose structure mat