衍射线方向确定.ppt

X射线受二维点阵（原子平面，原子网）衍射的条件 如图所示，X及Y为二维点阵的两个晶轴，两者之间的夹角为γ，点阵常数为a及b。入射的X射线自任何方向射入，与此二维点阵相遇，与X轴成a0角，与Y轴成β0角。依上节所述加以推衍，由于X及Y两个原于列所发生的H级及K级衍射线的轨迹分别是两个圆锥面，它们和X及Y轴分别成a及β角，当a+β＞Y时，这两个圆锥面相交于两个直线方向（衍射方向）。此时可以用下式表示二维点阵的衍射条件： Crystal orientation is determined from the position of the spots. Each spot can be indexed, i.e. attributed to a particular plane, using special charts. The Greninger chart is used for back-reflection patterns and the Leonhardt chart for transmission patterns. The Laue technique can also be used to assess crystal perfection from the size and shape of the spots. If the crystal has been bent or twisted in anyway, the spots become distorted and smeared out. 相应的相位差为?： P Q A O ) θ ) θ θ ( 晶面法线 N 入射X射线 S0 衍射X射线 S 反射晶面 S - S0 衍射矢量图示 衍射矢量三角形 A 衍射矢量方程和厄瓦尔德图解 衍射X射线 衍射X射线 衍射球 O* A C B 衍射X射线 S 厄尔瓦德作图法：设入射X射线的波长为λ ，它照射到一个晶体上。 O 在晶体上选定一个原点O 入射X射线通过O点后，与所绘的衍射球相交于O*点 以O为球心，以1/λ为半径作一个球面，此球称为衍射球 以O*点该晶体的倒易点阵的原点，作出此晶体的倒易点阵 倒易点阵中某些倒易点与衍射球面相交时，例如图中的A、B、C等倒易点 联线OA、OB、OC等线，就是晶体中与A、B、C等倒易点同指数的晶面的衍射线方向 凡是不与衍射球面相交的那些倒易点是不可能产生衍射 1/λ S0 Ewalds Sphere Construction in 2D Ewalds Sphere Construction in 3D 4 of 7 ? ? The Laue Method The Laue method is mainly used to determine the orientation of large single crystals. White radiation is reflected from, or transmitted through, a fixed crystal. The diffracted beams form arrays of spots, that lie on curves on the film. The Bragg angle is fixed for every set of planes in the crystal. Each set of planes picks out and diffracts the particular wavelength from the white radiation that satisfies the Bragg law for the values of d and q involved. Each curve therefore corresponds to a different wavelength. The spots lying on any one curve are reflections from planes belonging to one zone. Laue reflections from planes of the same zone all lie on the surface of an imaginary cone whose axis is the zone axis. Experimental There are two practical variants of the Laue method, the back-reflection and the transmission Laue method. You can study t