第5 细菌感染的检查方法与防治原则.pptVIP

PCR Gene Chip / microarray Diagnosis Strategy for Bacterial Infection Section BPrevention and treatment Prevention Prevention Passive immunity Active immunity Vaccines Adjuvants Human Immune-globulin Animal sera and antitoxins The difference of artificial active and passive immunity Active immunity Items Passive immunity Immuno substance Time for response Duration Main usage Antigen Antibody or cytokine Slow, 2~4 weeks Fast, just when the substance injected Long, several months~ several years Short, 2~3 weeks Prevention Prevention and emergency treatment Vaccines Vaccines Live (attenuated) vaccines Inactivated vaccines Subunit vaccines Plant vaccines Therapeutic vaccines DNA vaccines Artificial passive immunity Antitoxin(抗毒素 ) antisera（抗血清） Immunoglobulin （免疫球蛋白） Cytokine ( 细胞因子） Antimicrobial chemotherapy Chemotherapy as a science began with Paul Ehrlich in the first decade of the 20th century. Ehrlich formulated the principles of selective toxicity and recognized the specific chemical relationships between microbial pathogens and drugs, the development of drug resistance, and the role of combined therapy. Ehrlich’s experiments led to the arsphenamines(胂凡纳明 )for syphilis, the first planned chemotherapy. * Fermentation of Sugars Monosacchrides: Sugar, Glucose, maltose, galactose Disacchrides: Lactose Tricarboxylic cylce (Oxidation cycle, or Krebs cycle) H2S Test Hydrogen sulfide * How to Diagnosis a bacterial infection when the culture is negative Detection antibody in the patient’s serum Detection of IgM indicates a current infection A 4-fold or greater rise on antibody titer between the acute serum sample and the convalescent serum also indicates a current infection A major drawback with the use of acute and convalescent serum samples is that the convalescent sample is usually taken 10-14 days after the acute sample. By this time, the patient has often recovered and the diagnosis becomes a retrospective one. A single IgG antibody titer is difficult to i