人教版高中学方程式大全.doc

PAGE PAGE 1人教版高中化学方程式大全 一．金属单质（Na,Mg,Al,Fe,Cu）的还原性 2Na+H22NaH 4Na+O2==2Na2O 2Na2O+O22Na2O2 2Na+O2Na2O2 2Na+S==Na2S（爆炸） 2Na+2H2O==2NaOH+H2↑ 2Na+2H2O=2Na++2OH―+H2↑2Na+2NH3==2NaNH2+H2↑ 2Na+2NH3=2Na++2NH2―+H2↑4Na+TiCl4 4NaCl+Ti Mg+Cl2MgCl2 Mg+Br2MgBr2 2Mg+O22MgO Mg+SMgS2Cu+SCu2S (Cu2S只能由单质制备) Mg+2H2OMg(OH)2+H2↑ 2Mg+TiCl4Ti+2MgCl2 Mg+2RbClMgCl2+2Rb 2Mg+CO22MgO+C 2Mg+SiO22MgO+Si Mg+H2S==MgS+H2 Mg+H2SO4==MgSO4+H2↑ (Mg+2H+=Mg2++H2↑)2Al+3Cl22AlCl3 4Al+3O2===2Al2O3 (常温生成致密氧化膜而钝化，在氧气中燃烧)4Al(Hg)+3O2+2xH2O===2(Al2O3.xH2O)+4Hg（铝汞齐） 4Al+3MnO22Al2O3+3Mn 2Al+Cr2O3Al2O3+2Cr (铝热反应)2Al+Fe2O3Al2O3+2Fe 2Al+3FeOAl2O3+3Fe 2Al+6HCl===2AlCl3+3H2↑ 2Al+6H+=2Al3++3H2↑2Al+3H2SO4===Al2(SO4)3+3H2↑ 2Al+6H+=2Al3++3H2↑2Al+6H2SO4(浓)===Al2(SO4)3+3SO2+6H2O (Al,Fe在冷,浓的H2SO4,HNO3中钝化) Al+4HNO3(稀)===Al(NO3)3+NO↑+2H2O Al+4H++NO3–=Al3++NO↑+2H2O 2Al+2NaOH+2H2O===2NaAlO2+3H2↑ 2Al+2OH–+2H2O=2AlO2–+3H2↑2Fe+3Br2===2FeBr3 3Fe+2O2 Fe3O4 2Fe+O22FeO (炼钢过程)Fe+I2FeI2 Fe+SFeS (FeS既能由单质制备，又能由离子制备)3Fe+4H2O(g)Fe3O4+4H2↑ Fe+2HCl===FeCl2+H2↑ Fe+2H+=Fe2++H2↑ Fe+CuCl2===FeCl2+Cu Fe+Cu2+=Fe2++Cu↓ Fe+SnCl4===FeCl2+SnCl2(铁在酸性环境下,不能把四氯化锡完全还原为单质锡Fe+SnCl2==FeCl2+Sn↓ Fe+Sn2+=Fe2++Sn↓ 三．非金属氢化物(HF,HCl,H2O,H2S,NH3) 金属氢化物(NaH)1、还原性: 4HCl(浓)+MnO2MnCl2+Cl2↑+2H2O 4H++2Cl–+MnO2Mn2++Cl2↑+2H2O4HCl(浓)+PbO2PbCl2+Cl2↑+2H2O 4H++2Cl–+PbO2Pb2++Cl2↑+2H2O4HCl(g)+O22Cl2+2H2O 16HCl+2KMnO4===2KCl+2MnCl2+5Cl2↑+8H2O 16 H++10Cl-+2MnO4–=2Mn2++5Cl2↑+8H2O 6HCl+KClO3==KCl+3Cl2↑+3H2O 6H++5Cl–+ClO3–=3Cl2↑+3H2O14HCl+K2Cr2O7===2KCl+2CrCl3+3Cl2↑+7H2O 14H++6Cl–+Cr2O72–=2Cr3++5Cl2↑+7H2O2H2O+2F2===4HF+O2 2HCl+F2=2HF+Cl2 (F2气与HCl、HBr、HI、H2S、NH3气体不能共存)2HBr+Cl2=2HCl+Br2 (Cl2气与HBr、HI、H2S、NH3气体不能共存)2H2S+3O2(足量)2SO2+2H2O 2H2S+O2(少量)2S↓+2H2O 2H2S+SO2===3S↓+2H2O H2S+H2SO4(浓)===S↓+SO2↑+2H2O 3H2S+2HNO3(稀)===3S↓+2NO↑+4H2O 3H2S+2H++2NO3–=3S↓+2NO↑+4H2O5H2S+2KMnO4+3H2SO4===2MnSO4+K2SO4+5S↓+8H2O 5H2S+2MnO4–+6H+=2Mn2++5S↓+8H2O 3H2S+K2Cr2O7+4H2SO4===Cr2(SO4)3+K2SO4+3S↓+