吕植《保护生物学》精品教学：introduction I.pptxVIP

保护生物学Conservation BiologyConservation Biology: Definitions什么是保护生物学？The science of scarcity and diversity.” M. Soule, 1986 关于稀有与多样的科学“The applied science of maintaining the earth‘s biological diversity” or more simply “biology as applied to conservation issues.” M. Hunter, 1996维护地球生物多样性的应用科学Conservation biology is the new, multidisciplinary science that has developed to deal with the crisis confronting biological diversity.“ Conservation biology should be considered a crisis discipline. R. Primack 1993 新的、多学科、应对危机保护现存物种和生态系统的综合性、多学科交叉领域，有三个目标：完整记录地球上的生物多样性调查人类活动对物种、遗传变异和生态系统的影响建立可操作的方法来阻止物种绝灭，维持物种种群的遗传多样性，保护和恢复生物群落以及它们的生态功能研究：发现事实、积累创造知识为保护实践提供依据 “Biodiversity”生物多样性Biodiversity, or biological diversity = the sum of an area’s organisms, considering the diversity of species, their genes, their populations, and their communitiesEdward O. Wilson Biodiversity exists on several levels:层次Species diversity物种多样性Genetic diversity遗传多样性Ecosystem diversity生态系统多样性Figure 15.2Species diversity物种多样性The number or variety of species in a particular regionSpecies richness = number of speciesSpecies = a particular type of organism; a population or group of populations whose members share certain characteristics and can freely breed with one another and produce fertile offspringFigure 15.2Genetic diversityIncludes the differences in DNA composition among individuals within a given speciesAdaptation to particular environmental conditions may weed out genetic variants that are not successful.But populations benefit from some genetic diversity, so as to avoid inbreeding or disease epidemics.Figure 15.2Ecosystem diversityIncludes diversity above the species levelBiologists have viewed diversity above the species level in various ways. Some alternative ways to categorize it include:Community diversityHabitat diversityLandscape diversityFigure 15.2生物圈生物群系生态系统(景观)生态系统群落物种种群生物多样性层次生物体器官系统器官基因组织细胞细胞器基因物种万物皆种也，以不同形相禅——庄子：杂篇《寓言》什么是物种？林奈的分类系统 人 家猫界 Kingdom 动物界 门 Phylum 脊索动物门 纲 Class哺乳纲 目O