湖南大学研究生英语课前表演鲁曼建筑学院.pptVIP

Cultural Planning for Urban Sustainability 城市可持续发展的文化规划 湖南大学建筑学院 AAA BBB CCC 1)The historical trajectory of urban cultural policies in Western Europe It is extremely difficult to generalize about the evolution of urban cultural policies in Western Europe, because of the scarcity of comparative research and standardized data ,the great diversity in the definitions of “culture” adopted by policy-makers , and other important variations in different national contexts -- for instance ,in the levels of local political and fiscal autonomy , the size and nature of local markets for cultural activity ,and the improvement of the private sector in the policy-making process. Despite these differences both between and within countries , it is possible to outline a common trajectory in the evolution of the arguments used to justify expenditure on urban cultural policies from the end of the Second World War to the 1990s. There are some differences also in terms of periodisation between different countries , but three broad phases can be identified : from the late 1940s to the late 1960s ; the 1970s and the early 1980s, and from the mid-1980s to present day. It is important to emphasize , however ,that a policy rationale does not neatly replace the previous one with the passage from one historical period to the next. The process is more one of accumulation, with the –often uneasy-coexistence of old and new nationals. 2) Contribution of contemporary urban cultural policies to sustainable development In terms of economic sustainability ,it is possible to conclude that the direct impact of urban cultural policies in the 1980s and 1990s on the creation of wealth and employment was relatively small. Their main contribution was in the construction of urban images able to attract visitors. As a complementary factor in the competition between cities and regions , the quality of local cultural life was also important to appeal to investors and skilled personnel . The