信号与系统ppt课件第9章拉普拉斯变换讲解.pptVIP

CHAPTER 9THE LAPLACE TRANSFORM6.0 INTRODUCTION;以傅里叶变换为基础的频域分析方法的优点在于：它给出的结果有着清楚的物理意义 ，但也有不足之处。 傅里叶变换只能处理符合狄利赫勒条件的信号，而实际中会遇到许多信号，例如?(t)、t?(t)、sint?(t)等，它们并不满足绝对可积条件，虽然通过求极限的方法可以求得它们的傅里叶变换，但其变换式中常常含有冲激函数，使分析计算较为麻烦。 而有些信号（如单边指数信号 ）是不满足绝对可积条件的，因而其对信号的分析受到限制； 另外傅氏变换分析法只能求取零状态响应。; 因此，有必要寻求更有效而简便的方法，人们将傅里叶变换推广为拉普拉斯变换（LT: Laplace Transform）。;本章内容及学习方法;9.1 THE LAPLACE TRANSFORM;从傅氏变换到拉氏变换:;则;2．拉氏逆变换;3．拉氏变换对;积分下限用 目的是把 时出现的冲激包含进去，这样，利用拉氏变换求解微分方程时，可以直接引用已知的初始状态 ，但反变换的积分限并不改变。;4. 拉氏变换的收敛域; ;Example 9.1 Consider the signal;Example 9.2 Consider the signal;–α;Example 9.3 Consider the signal;Consequently,;Marking the locations of the roots of N(s) and D(s) in the s-plane (s平面) and indicating the ROC provides a convenient pictorial way of describing the Laplace transform. ;About the infinity (无穷远点): in general, if the order of the denominator exceeds the order of the numerator by k, X(s) will have k zeros at infinity. Similarly, if the order of the numerator exceeds the order of the denominator by k, X(s) will have k poles at infinity.;9.2 THE REGION OF CONVERGENCE FOR LAPLACE TRANSFORM;Property 4: If x(t) is right sided, and if the line Re{s} = σ0 is in the ROC, then all values of s for which Re{s} σ0 will also be in the ROC; and the ROC of a right-sided signal is a right-half plane. ;;9.3 THE INVERSE LAPLACE TRANSFORM;Example 9.7 Let;Example 9.8 Let;;9.4 GEOMETRIC EVALUATION OF THE FOURIER TRANSFORM FROM THE POLE-ZERO PLOT;Let’s take an example to show how to evaluate the Fourier transform from the pole-zero plot:;9.5 PROPERTIES OF THE LAPLACE TRANSFORM;考虑信号x(t)=x1(t)-x2(t)的拉氏变换;9.5.2 Time Shifting;9.5.4 Time Scaling ;Consequence: if x(t) is real and if X(s) has a pole or zero at s = s0 , then X(s) also has a pole or zero at the complex conjugate point s = s0*. ;9.5.7 Differentiation in the Time Domain ;9.5.9 Integration in the Time Domain ;初值定理; 例.求初值;终值定理;例.给定 ，试求 的终值。;Example 9.9 Consider the signal;In fact, by r