北京大学实心理学课件版第八章记忆.ppt

第八章 记忆 近100多年来，记忆研究一直是心理学中最活跃的领域之一。当代著名的记忆心理学家E. Tulving（1995）把科学的记忆研究划分为3个阶段： 1885——1960：开始于艾宾浩斯（H. Ebbinghaus）的研究；词语学习（verbal learning）的漫长时期； 1960——1980：认知心理学兴起；记忆的计算机模拟十分流行； 1980——至今：记忆研究的认知神经科学阶段； 一、记忆研究中的各种变量（1） Dependent Variables：Remembering may be measured in numerous ways; these often involve recall or recognition. In recall tests, reproduction of material is required. Whereas in recognition tests, material is presented to people and they are required to judge whether or not they have seen it previously. 一、记忆研究中的各种变量（2） Three popular recall tests are serial recall, free recall, and paired-associate recall. Recognition tests are generally of two types. Yes/No recognition tests; Forced-choice recognition tests Forced-choice tests are preferred to yes/no tests because correcting for guessing is less of a problem. 一、记忆研究中的各种变量（3） In each case, the dependent measure in tests of recall and recognition is the number or proportion of items correctly recalled or recognized in different conditions or the number of errors, which amounts to the same thing. Sometimes a derivative measure is used, such as d from the theory of signal detection. Recently, investigators concerned with recognition have used reaction time as a dependent measure. 一、记忆研究中的各种变量（4） Recently, the study of implicit memory tests has intrigued cognitive psychologists. Although these tests do not require people to consciously remember the material they have studied, performance on these tasks is influenced or “primed” by previous exposure to the material. That is, implicit memory tests are tasks that can be performed without specific reference to the previous experiences in the laboratory. 一、记忆研究中的各种变量（5） Independent Variables: Many types of variables are manipulated in experiments on human memory. One of the most popular variables historically has been the nature of the material presented for memory. It can be letters, digits, nonsense syllables, words, phrases, sentences, paragraphs, or long pa