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Chapter 3 Harmonically Excited Vibration
When a system is subjected to harmonic excitation, it is forced to vibrate at the same frequency as that of the excitation.
Common sources:
Unbalance in rotating machines
Forces produced by reciprocating machines
The motion of the machine itself
Resonance is to be avoided in most cases with dampers and absorbers.
3.1 FORCED HARMONIC VIBRATION
Harmonic excitation may be in the form of a force or displacement of some point in the system.
Single DOF with viscous damping:
Excited by
(3.1.1)
Complementary (homogeneous) and particular solutions
The particular solution is a steady-state oscillation of the same frequency ( as that of the excitation.
The particular solution can be assumed to be
(3.1.2)
X is the amplitude of oscillation and ( is the phase of the displacement with respect to the exciting force.
In harmonic motion, the phases of the velocity and acceleration are ahead of the displacement by 90( and 180(, respectively, as in Fig.3.1.2.
(3.1.3)
and
(3.1.4)
(3.1.5)
and
(3.1.6)
In terms of the following quantities:
The non-dimensional expressions for the amplitude and phase become
(3.1.7)
(3.1.8)
and ( are functions only of the frequency ratio and the damping ratio ( and can be plotted as shown in Fig.3.1.3.
For small values of , i.e., , the magnitude of the impressed force is nearly equal to the spring force, as shown in Fig.3.4.(a).
For , the phase angle is 90( and the force diagram appears as in Fig.3.1.4(b).
For , ( approaches 180(, and the impressed force is expended almost entirely in overcoming the large inertia force as shown in Fig.3.1.4(c).
The differential equation and the complete solution:
(3.1.10)
Complex frequency response
Let harmonic force be represented by
(3.1.12)
The displacement can then be written as
(3.1.13)
where is a complex displacement vector.
Then,
and
The complex frequency response
(3.1.16)
Often the factor is considered together with the force, leaving the frequency response a
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