行政管理第二节(国际经典教程英文原版).ppt

Elton Mayor Interviewing studies Focus on the attitudes of people at the plant towards their jobs, working conditions and supervision; A morale survey comprising over 21,000 was taken by Elton Observational studies Study the normal group working, and the individual in the group relations; Showed the importance of informal organization. Theory X and Theory Y Theory X The average people dislikes work and will avoid it if possible; People therefore must be manipulated, controlled, directed and threatened with punishment; The average person prefers to be directed and wants avoid responsibility, has little ambition and desires security above all. Theory X and Theory Y Theory Y Expenditure of physical and mental effort in work is as natural as play or rest. Work can be a source of satisfaction; People can exercise self-direction and control to achieve objectives to which they are committed; Commitment to objectives is a function of the rewards associated with their achievement; Theory X and Theory Y Theory Y (continue) Under proper conditions people can learn to accept and seek responsibility; Ability to use imagination and creative thinking is widely distributed in population; The intellectual potential of the average person in industrial life is only partially realized. Management Science Theory An approach to management that uses rigorous quantitative techniques to maximize the use of organizational resources. Management Science Theory Quantitative management — utilizes linear programming, modeling, simulation systems and chaos theory. Operations management —techniques used to analyze all aspects of the production system. Management Science Theory Total Quality Management (TQM) —focuses on analyzing input, conversion, and output activities to increase product quality. Management Information Systems (MIS) — provides information vital for effective decision making. Organizational Environment Theory Organizational Environment – The set of forces and conditions