生物化学简明教程 第四版 第九章糖代谢（二） 课件.ppt

葡萄糖→ → →丙酮酸 →乙酰 CoA → → → CO2+H2O;丙酮酸的氧化;;Regulation of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. The complex is inhibited by its immediate products, NADH and acetyl CoA. The pyruvate dehydrogenase component is also regulated by covalent modification. A specific kinase phosphorylates and inactivates pyruvate dehydrogenase, and a phosphatase actives the dehydrogenase by removing the phosphoryl. The kinase and the phosphatase also are highly regulated enzymes.;Why does TPP deficiency lead primarily to neurological disorders? The nervous system relies essentially on glucose as its only fuel. In contrast, most other tissues can use fats as a source of fuel for the citric acid cycle. The product of aerobic glycolysis, pyruvate, can enter the citric acid cycle only through the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex.;Arsenite poisoning. Arsenite inhibits the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex by inactivating the dihydrolipoamide component of the transacetylase. Some sulfhydryl reagents, such as 2,3-dimercaptoethanol, relieve the inhibition by forming a complex with the arsenite that can be excreted.;三羧酸循环 ( tricarboxylic acid cycle , TCA);三羧酸循环包含8个步骤： （1）乙酰辅酶A与草酰乙酸缩合形成柠檬酸;(2)柠檬酸脱水生成顺乌头酸，然后加水生成异柠檬酸;草酰琥珀酸;(4)α-酮戊二酸氧化脱羧生成琥珀酰辅酶A;;琥珀酸脱氢酶;延胡索酸;（8）苹果酸氧化生成草酰乙酸;;CH3CO-SCoA + 3NAD+ + FAD + GDP+H3PO4+2H2O;verview of the citric acid cycle. The citric acid cycle oxidizes two-carbon units, producing two molecules of CO2, one molecule of GTP, and highenergy electrons in the form of NADH and FADH2.;The link between glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. Pyruvate produced by glycolysis is converted into acetyl CoA, the fuel of the citric acid cycle.;1mol葡萄糖在有氧分解时所产生的ATP的mol数;糖有氧分解中的能量变化;三羧酸循环的生物学意义;TCA循环是糖、脂肪和蛋白质转化的枢纽;三羧酸循环的代谢调节;乙醛酸途径 (glyoxylate pathway);The glyoxylate pathway. The glyoxylate cycle allows plants and some microorganisms to grow on acetate because the cycle bypasses the decarboxylation steps of the citric acid cycle. The enzymes that permit the conversion of acetate into succinate— isocitrate