英汉对比研究第7章静态与动态.docVIP

第七章 静态与动态 (Stative vs．Dynamic) 英语倾向于多用名词，因而叙述呈静态(stative)；汉语倾向于多用动词，因而叙述呈动态(dynamic)。R．Quirk等人对静态和动态曾作如下解释： Broadly speaking, nouns can be characterized naturally as ‘stative’ in that they refer to entities that are regarded as stable．whether these are concrete (physical) like house，table，paper，or abstract (of the mind)like hope，botany，length．At the opposite pole，verbs can be equally naturally characterized as ‘dynamic’：they are fitted (by their capacity to show tense and aspect，for example) to indicate action，activity and temporary or changing conditions．These relations between the open classes can be summarized thus： STATIVE noun ? adjective DYNAMIC verb adverb 英语的静态倾向，主要表现在以下几方面： 一、名词化(Nominalization)是英语常见的现象。 名词化主要指用名词来表达原来属于动词(或形容词)所表达的概念，如用抽象名词来表达动作、行为、变化、状态、品质、情感等概念。S．Potter在“Changing English”一书中曾指出英语“名词优势于动词”的倾向(preponderance of nouns over verbs)。这种名词优势往往可以使表达比较简洁，造句比较灵活，行文比较自然，也便于表达较为复杂的思想内容。试比较： The doctor arrived extremely quickly and examined the patient uncommonly carefully; the result was that he recovered very speedily． The doctor’ s extremely quick arrival and uncommonly careful examination of the patient brought about his very speedy recovery． 医生迅速到达，并非常仔细地检查了病人，因此病人很快就康复了。 Freedom-loving people everywhere condemned them because they violated the agreement reached at Helsinki and abused basic human rights in their own country．The abuse of basic human rights in their own country in violation of the agreement reached at Helsinki earned them the condemnation of freedom-loving people everywhere． 他们违反在赫尔辛基达成的协议，在国内侵犯基本人权。因此受到了各地热爱自由的人们的谴责。 运用名词化表达法(nominal style)可以使叙述较为准确，贴切，但也会使语言抽象、难解。O．Jespersen指出： It seems possible to express ideas with greater precision and adequacy by means of nouns than by means of the more pictorial verbs．…When we express by means of nouns what is generally expressed by finite verbs，our language becomes not only more abstract, but more abstruse, owing among other things to the fact that in the verbal substa