语言学讲义考研究生4Syntax.ppt

讲义四Syntax GraceTan The Traditional Approach The Structural Approach The Generative Approach The Functional Approach I.Traditional approachThe types of sentence A. According to the structure: Sentence can be simple and non-simple (complex and compound). The simple sentence The girl is watching TV. Mary and John are sitting on the sofa. The compound sentence 并列句 A compound sentence consists of two or more simple sentences, usually connected by a comma plus a joining word (and, but, for, or, nor, so, yet). A compound sentence is used when you want to give equal weight to closely related ideas. We are watering the trees, for we don’t have any rain for a month. The complex sentence复合句 A complex sentence is made up of a simple sentence and a statement that begins with a dependent word. A complex sentence is used when you want to emphasize one idea over another in a sentence. What I want to emphasize is this. We should never pretend to know what we don’t know. The compound-complex sentence Ellipsis is a common feature in English, but in many sentences of this type it is not possible to state exactly what is ‘left out’. B. According to communicative function: Sentence can be declarative, interrogative, imperative and exclamatory. functional approach:P101 Indicative(interrogative +declarative) Imperative(jussive命令句+optative祈愿句) 2.3. The extension of sentence Sentence can be extended either by conjoining or embedding. Conjoining is a way by which clauses are joined by means of coordinating conjunctions并列连词 (and, but, or), or connectives 连接词and parataxis.并列(一系列相关的从句或词组之间没有连词)(如:I came, I saw, I conquered.) Embedding嵌入法 is a process of construction whereby one clause is a constituent of another or is subordinated to another. 2.4. The structure of sentence The linear and hierarchical structures of sentences 湖大2004 State briefly on one of the two topics give below (minimally 100 words) Grammar is antonomous. Linguistic structure is hierarchical. Lang