衔接手段 Cohsion.pptVIP

Human beings differ profoundly in regard to the tendency to regard their lives as a whole. To some men it is natural to do so, and essential to happiness to be able to do so with some satisfaction. To others life is a series of detached incidents without directed movement and without unity. I think the former sort are more likely to achieve happiness than the latter, since they will gradually build up those circumstances from which they can derive contentment and self-respect, whereas the others will be blown about by the winds of circumstances now this way, now that, without ever arriving at any haven. Bertrand Russell -- The Conquest of Happiness Here, the former sort refers to “To some men it is natural to do so, and essential to happiness to be able to do so with some satisfaction.” and the latter refers to “To others life is a series of detached incidents without directed movement and without unity.” If the addresser repeats all these sentences, it will violate the principle of economy of language and is hard to read and to understand. 3) Synonymy It means the choice of a lexical item that in some sense has similar meaning with a preceding one. For instance: e.g.The meeting commenced at six thirty. But from the moment it began, it was clear that all was not well. Here, commenced and began co-refer to the same entity in the real world. They need not always do so. What is closely related with synonymy is hyponymy (下义关系), whose meaning is included into the category of superordinate (上坐标词). One superordinate (e.g.color) often subsumes several ‘co-hyponyms’. The superordinate expresses general and abstract meaning while the hyponym the specific and concrete meaning. Color red green blue gray white What is related with synonymy is another semantic relationship: meronymy (局部), which seems to be congruent with h