社会阶层化与社会动SocialStratificationandSocialMobility.pptVIP

社會階層化與社會流動Social Stratification and Social Mobility 所有的社會皆有某種程度的「不平等」，即社會中的少數人擁有不成比率的財富、權力、及聲望。 All known societies have been characterized by inequalities of some kind, with the most privileged individuals or families enjoying a disproportionate share of the total wealth, power, or prestige. 社會階層化與社會流動Social Stratification and Social Mobility 階層化研究的首要任務在於勾勒出不平等的分佈情況及發展過程，並解釋它之所以存在及維繫的理由。 The task of contemporary stratification research is to describe the contours and distribution of inequality and to explain its persistence despite modern egalitarian or anti-stratification values. 階層化系統Stratification System 「階層化系統」指的是創造「不平等」的複雜社會制度。 The term stratification system refers to the complex of social institutions that generate inequalities. 階層化系統的主要構成部分Key component of Stratification Systems The key components of such systems are: (1) 界定某種事物為「有價值」及「人人都想要的」體制過程the institutional processes that define certain types of goods as valuable and desirable, (2) 將這些有價值的事物分配於分工體制中的不同職位與職業的規則the rules of allocation that distribute these goods across various positions or occupations in the division of labor (e.g., doctor, farmer, or housewife) 階層化系統的主要構成部分Key component of Stratification Systems (3)將所有人分派於擁有、控制不同資源職位或位置的流動機制 the mobility mechanisms that link individuals to occupations and thereby generate unequal control over valued resources. 階層化系統的主要構成部分Key component of Stratification Systems 不平等是由兩種配對過程(matching processes)所造成的： (1) 各種社會角色被配予不同價值的「報酬」The social roles in society are first matched to “reward packages” of unequal value, and (2) 個人被分配到各種具有不同報酬的「位置」individual members of society are then allocated to the positions so defined and rewarded. 階層化的穩定性Stability of stratification systems 在所有的社會中，人們經常不斷地在各種不同的「位置」上進進出出，但這些位置及依附在位置上的報酬並不會經常變動。In all societies, there is a constant flux of occupational incumbents as newcomers enter the labor force and replace dying, retiring, or out?migrating workers, yet the positions themselves and the reward packages attached to the