英美文化英国部分.docxVIP

英国部分 History ? Iberians ? Celts, Gaels, Britons - Irish, Scottish, Welsh culture and language ? Romans - Alphabet, Roman civilization, Christianity ? Anglo-Saxons - English race and language ? Vikings Danes - New dialects ? Normans (France) - French language 2.2 The Magna Carta/The Great Charter (1215) ? The Great Council of barons(贵族) forced King John to sign the Magna Carta limiting his power ? The King could not levy extra taxes without people s consent ? King could not change laws ? If King refused to obey laws, the vassals could resort to civil war ? Freedom of trade and self-government to townspeople ? Beginning of civil rights ? No imprisonment unless convicted by a jury ? Life and property protected ? First step towards constitutional government ? 2.3 The Hundred Years’ War with France (1337-1453) ? Reasons: Territorial and economic ? English kings’ possession of land in France; the cloth manufacturing towns in Flanders were importers of English wool, but owed political allegiance to the French king; France gave support to the Scots; a growing sense of national consciousness ? Edward III claimed the French crown in 1337. ? By 1453, France had won back their land (with gunpowder) except for city of Calais. ? 2.4 Richard II (1377-1399): The cause of the War of the Roses(1455-1485) (Lancastrian and Yorkist Houses) ? Lancastrians: Red rose as the symbol ? Yorkists: White rose as the symbol ? Fighting for the throne in England ? Many nobles killed ? Henry VII strengthened his claim to the throne by marrying Elizabeth, a daughter of Yorkist Edward IV. The union of the two houses ended the war. ? The Tudors (1485-1603): sea power and Protestantism ? The Tudor dynasty saw the transition of England from a feudal country to modern state. Capitalism replaced feudalism ? Textile industry ? Enclosure Movement – cheap labor Henry VIII (1509-1547) The Tudor era in England started from the reign of King Henry VIII. Shortly after becomin