土木工程专业英语（苏小卒）课文翻译13、15、17、18单元.docVIP

Unit 13 第十三单元 Survey 测量 教学目标 了解测量的内容、方法、范围和原理 了解常用的测量类型 熟悉各种测量方法和类型的词汇 熟悉科技类文献的常用句型 熟悉map、chart、plot、construction、draw的含义；so far、heretofore、by far的含义；have to do with、be referred to、be related to的含义；compatible with、pertain to 、application to 的含义；；layout、staking out 的含义；construction的不同含义。 Surveying has to do with（与..有关）the determination of the relative spatial location（相对空间位置）of points on or near the surface of the earth. It is the art（技术）of measuring horizontal and vertical distance between objects, of measuring angles between lines, of determining the direction of lines, and of establishing points by predetermined angular and linear measurements（角测量法和线性测量法）. 　　测量是关于确定地球表面上或接近地球表面的点的相对空间位置。它是测量物体之间水平与垂直距离、测量线条之间夹角、确定线条方向以及通过预先确定角测量法和线性测量法来建立点的技术。 Accompanying the actual measurement（度量）of survey are mathematical calculations. Distance, angles, directions, locations, elevations, areas, and volumes are thus determined from data of survey. Also, much of the information of the survey is portrayed graphically（图示描述）by the construction of maps, profiles（纵剖面图）, cross sections（横剖面图）, and diagrams(图表）. 　　数学计算伴随着测量中的实际量度。根据测量数据就可确定距离、角度、方向、位置、标高、面积以及体积。而且，测量中的很多信息是通过绘制地图、纵横剖面图和图表，以图示形式被描述。 The equipment available and methods applicable for measurement and calculation have changed tremendously in the past decade. Aerial photogrammetry（航空摄影测量）, satellite observation, remote sensing, inertial surveying（惯性测量）, and electronic distance measurement（电子测距）laser techniques are examples of modern systems（现代方法）utilized to collect data usable in the surveying process. The relatively easy access to（利用）electronic computers of all size（各种容量）facilitates the rigorous（精确的）processing and storage（处理和储存）of large volumes of data. 　　对测量和计算，可利用的设备和可应用的方法在过去十年中已经发生了惊人的变化。航空摄影测量、人造卫星观测、遥感、惯性测量以及电子测距激光技术是现代方法中的例子，被用来收集测量过程中可使用的数据。较容易地利用各种容量的电子计算机有助于精确地处理和储存大量的数据。 With the development of these modern data acquisitions（收集）and processing systems, the duties of the surveyor have expanded beyond（超出）the traditi