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绿色化学跟化工导论chapter 1 introduction
1.1 Chemistry—Past, Present and Future Chemical products make an invaluable contribution to the quality of our lives and play a fundamental role in almost every aspect of modern society. Pharmaceuticals products In twentieth century, World population: from 1.6 to 6 billion, Life expectancy: almost 60%↑ Crop protection and growth enhancement chemicals The enormous populations demand western levels The public image of the chemical industry has badly deteriorated in the last ten years . . . In some of the major centres of chemicals manufacturing more people gave positive than negative views, but for many European countries the ratio of unfavourable to favourable views was alarmingly high. 1.1 Chemistry—Past, Present and Future 1.1 Chemistry—Past, Present and Future View of twentieth century chemical manufacturing (1) Start with a petroleum-based feedstock. (2) Dissolve it in a solvent. (3) Add a reagent. (4) React to form an intermediate chemical. (5) Repeat (2)–(4) several times until the final product is obtained; discard all waste and spent reagent; recycle solvent where economically viable. (6) Transport the product worldwide, often for long-term storage. (7) Release the product into the ecosystem without proper evaluation of its long-term effects. The recipe for the twenty-first century (1) Design the molecule to have minimal impact on the environment (short residence time, biodegradable). (2) Manufacture from a renewable feedstock (e.g. carbohydrate). (3) Use a long-life catalyst. (4) Use no solvent or a totally recyclable benign solvent. (5) Use the smallest possible number of steps in the synthesis. (6) Manufacture the product as required and as close as possible to where it is required. We must train the new generation of chemists to think of the environmental, social and economic factors in chemicals manufacturing. 1.2 The Costs of Waste In the mid-1990s in the USA, for example, only
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