人类社会的阶层化不平等的历史.pptVIP

人類社會的階層化：不平等的歷史 Social Stratification in Human Societies: The History of Inequality History of inequality 1820世界各地的不平等程度差不多 中國的per capital income 約$500 歐洲$1000-1500 二十世紀末 US $30,600 Ethiopia $500 人類社會中不平等的長期趨勢為何？Have these inequalities always been so great? Is our society more unequal than others? Will it always be so? History of inequality hominids (our closest ancestors) 距今四百萬年前 (see Leakey and Lewin 1977). 人類在一萬年前才形成定居的農業社群，或今天所謂的「社會」的雛形。 在人類的文明大部分的時間中，人類生活處於接近平等的狀態下，而非今天十分普遍的不平等狀態。 History of inequality Neolithic revolution—settling down to an agricultural life.從新石器時代革命，人類才開始定居的農業生活。 幾千年後，大型城市、文明與帝國興起。 至此，因為社會分工，有些人得以離開農業生產從事科學，宗教，藝術及軍事技術等活動。 History of inequality 人類文明的進展也有其代價： “The process of civilization was also one of enslavement (see Wells, 1971:193)” 定居的農業生活，也是階層化、不平等及剝削歷史的開始。 文明的歷史，可以說是社會階層化的歷史The history of civilization is, in fact, the history of social stratification. Varieties of human stratification system 人類文明中五種社會階層化類型： Primitive communal原始社群 Slavery奴隸制 Caste喀司特系統 Estate or feudal封建領主制 Class system階級系統 Varieties of human stratification system Each of these five general types can be compared on five basic characteristics of stratification systems: (1) normatively closed versus open divisions階級界線的嚴峻程度：封閉還是開放界線？ (2) The actual method of status or class placement地位安排的方法 (3) the major method of legitimation合理化不平等的方式。 (4) the predominated form of inequality主要不平等的形式 (5) comparative level of inequality in each type of stratification system不平等的程度 Varieties of human stratification system (1) the degree of normative closure or openness between the hierarchical divisions or ranks within the stratification system.階層化系統中科層地位界線的開放性程度 Normative because we are referring to values prescribing relatively open versus closed rankings. 界定社會流動的開放性程度的社會規範及價值。 Varieties of human stratification system (2) Different methods by which people are actually placed within ranks in the stratification system.將每一個人置於階層體系地位的方法 Ascription – 出生的屬性決定社會位置 Achievement – 根據個人後天成就來