9.2 细胞骨架 翟中和-2幻灯片.pptVIP

* This phase sees the rapid growth of the microtubule in conditions where the concentrations of tubulin subunits are high, and polymerization is faster than depolymerized. * The microtubule-organising centre (MTOC) is a structure found in eukaryotic cells from which microtubules emerge. MTOCs have two main functions: the organization of eukaryotic flagella and cilia and the organization of the mitotic and meiotic spindle apparatus separating the chromosomes during cell division. The MTOC is the site of microtubule nucleation and can be visualized in cells by immunohistochemical detection of γ-tubulin. In animals, the two most important types of MTOCs are the basal bodies associated with cilia and certain intercellular junctions in epithelial cells, and the centrosome associated with spindle formation. * Vinblastine causes depolymerization and formation of vinblastine-tubulin paracrystals. * * They use the energy of ATP hydrolysis to travel along the filaments They attach with their globular end to the filament They attach their other end to the cargoes they carry They differ in the cargoes they bind and the directions they travel * 马达蛋白介导物质沿微管运输 驱动蛋白(kinesin):通常朝微管的正极方向运动； 动力蛋白(dynein)：朝微管的负极运动。 * 多数KLP能向着微管（+）极运输小泡， 有些如Ncd蛋白（一种着丝点相关的蛋白）趋向微管的（-）极 conventional kinesin — is a dimer composed of two heavy chains that travels long distances on microtubules by taking 8-nm steps from one tubulin subunit to the next. * 驱动蛋白（Kinesin）是一类蛋白质超级家族，属于分子马达的一种，其成员代表驱动蛋白-1（Kinesin-1）在1985年被发现。驱动蛋白是由单体组成的多聚体，其“头部”具有ATP酶活性[1]，能通过水解ATP获得能量，改变构型，进行运动。它和动力蛋白一样，以微管构成的轨道进行滑行。与可以朝微管两极运动的动力蛋白有些不一样，一种驱动蛋白只能朝一个方向运动[2]，如驱动蛋白-1可以沿着微管的+运动，而另一些驱动蛋白则沿着-极运动，在细胞内起运输作用，比如牵拉染色体，参与有丝分裂、减数分裂和细胞迁移过程。 最近的研究又发现一批与驱动蛋白-1结构相关的蛋白质，它们一起构成驱动蛋白超级家族。这些蛋白质存在于绝大多数真核生物中。它们共有一保守的“马达”域，含有约350氨基酸残基，内有ATP结合位点和微管结合位点。即使在植物中，如拟南芥（Arabidopsis thaliana）中，目前也发现了A，B，C和D四种类驱动蛋白蛋白。 * 轴丝动力蛋白可以使纤毛和鞭毛滑动，轴丝动力蛋白只在有纤毛和鞭毛结构的细胞中发现[3]。而细胞质动力蛋白则在所有的动物细胞和绝大部分植物细胞中发现。细胞质动力蛋白履行细胞生存所必须的职能，如物质运输和中心体装配。细胞质动力蛋白可以沿着微管进行性移动，即动力蛋白其中一个杆总是链结在微管