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- 2018-09-08 发布于湖北
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清同治年间的旌德宾兴
关键词: 旌德;宾兴;官绅互动;同治年间
摘要: 清同治七年,应旌德士绅的请求,官方将到期的牛本银两拨为宾兴经费,旌德宾兴因以建立。通过官绅合作和严密的制度设计,旌德宾兴的经费经营、资产管理及公车经费分配等均成效显著,实现了良性发展。这给我们提供了一个传统中国地方公益基金运作的生动个案。与稍早的绩溪宾兴相比,旌德宾兴具有重经营、官绅互动热络和商人角色弱化等特点。这不仅体现了晚清地方公益事业发展的新趋势,也表明在当时地方经济凋敝、民间乏力的情况下,政府在地方公益事业中并非完全无所作为。
中图分类号: D911.02
文献标志码: A
文章编号:2014
Jinde Binxing in Tongzhi Period of Qing Dynasty
LIANG Renzhi (History Research Institute ,Chinese Academy of Social Sciences,Beijing 100732,China)
Key words: Jingde County; Binxing; interaction between officials and the gentry; the Tongzhi period of Qing dynasty
Abstract: In the seven years of Tongzhi in the Qing dynasty, because of the gentrys request of the Jingde County , the officials appropriated funds for Binxing, so Jingde Binxing was established. Due to the gentrys cooperation and strict systematic design, the management, asset management and public transportation allocation of funds of Jingde Binxing achived remarkable results and went on the road of benign development. This provides a vivid case of a traditional Chinese local public welfare fund to us. Compared with Jixi Binxing, Jingde Binxing has characteristics, such as importance of management, interaction between gentry and officials, and weakening of businessmens role, which not only reflects the new trend of the development of the local public welfare undertakings, but also shows that at the time of local economic depression and folk weak situation, it is not true that the government did nothing in the local public welfare undertakings.
“宾兴”是科举及教育史研究中一个非常重要的关键词。其最早见于《周礼》:“以乡三物教万民,而宾兴之。”[1]156乃指周代举贤之法。到宋时渐成为科举或解试、乡试的代名词,宋代程??《徽州贡院纪》曰:“新安贡宇,?掠谛?和,嗣建未遑也。岁宾兴,则假诸宣庙、州庠序。”[2]312徽州贡院是举行解试的地方,此处宾兴显指解试。此后宾兴与科举的关系日益密切,既可指地方官设宴款待应举士人的宾兴礼,也可指助考组织宾兴会。
降及晚清,随着地方科举经费投入的日渐不足,作为助学及助考组织的宾兴发展颇为迅速。恰逢“三千年未有之变局”,此时的宾兴也在发生新的变化。对此学界已有关注,但多侧重于其性质、经费来源及官、绅等各自在宾兴活动中的角色等问题。
以往学者关注的区域中,商人实力往往较为雄厚,而同治年间的旌德却是一个经济相对落后的地区,这就给我们提供了一个商人实力较弱地区宾兴活动研究的生动个案。官、绅等在宾兴活动中都不可能独立发挥作用,其角色是相互依存、互为前提的。鉴于此,本文
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