流病课件Confounding-MSc fudan univ.ppt

Confounding Overview Why an observed E/D association is not causal: Why an observed E/D association is not causal: Confounding Confounding vs. Bias Confounding vs. Bias Confounder Defn: General Rule Criteria for a Confounder Criteria for a Confounder Criteria for a Confounder Criteria for a Confounder Criteria for a Confounder Criteria for a Confounder Criteria for a Confounder Criteria for a Confounder Criteria for a Confounder Criteria for a ConfounderWhen C~E correlation is excessive Criteria for a Confounder When C~E correlation is excessive Criteria for a Confounder Criteria for