语用-演示文稿.pptVIP

As opposed to anaphora, some referents occur ‘later’ in the text, or, in other words, we may use some words to refer forward. Any word used for this function is called a cataphora.  As opposed to anaphora, some referents occur ‘later’ in the text, or, in other words, we may use some words to refer forward. Any word used for this function is called a cataphora. e.g:I turned the corner and almost stepped on it. There was a large snake in the middle of the path. Zero Anaphora (or Ellipsis) a) Peel an onion and slice it. b) Drop the slices into hot oil. c) Cook for three minutes. Cook (?) for three minutes” Criticism of the Principle of Economy: In actual language use, …, such ( ‘Principle of Economy’) is not the case, and naturally enough: language economy is practiced only where it is economically necessary or desirable…. But how about everyday use of language? When we see competent language users in action, it makes little sense to talk about ‘economy’. * S(6): A mouse is afraid of a cat. ***2. A sentence can not be said to be true or false, but a proposition can. Propositional logic conjunction (联言): p∧q (or p q, read as “p ampers(and) q”) disjunction (选言): p∨q (read as “p or q”) implication (充分条件假言): p → q (read as “if p, then q”) equivalence (充要条件; 等值): p ? q (read as “p is equivalent to q”) negation (负命题): ? p (read as “not p”) She is a college student (p) and she majors in English She is a college student (p) or she is a middle school student (q) If she is a college student (p), (then) she majors in English (q) If and only if she is a college student (p), she majors in English (q) Not she is a college student (p) 2. Deixis Reference 2.2.1 Deixis Deixis is a technical word from Greek, which means ‘pointing’ via language, and any linguistic forms used for the speech act of ‘pointing’ are called deictic expressions or indexicals. time deixis (temporal deixis). deictic expressions person deixis place deixis (spatial deixis) pron