工厂库存管理23145.pptVIP

生产与运作管理Production and Operations Management 清华大学经济管理学院 刘丽文 第10讲 库存管理 从Barilla 案例看Bullwhip Effect 库存管理概述 库存管理中的几种策略 独立需求库存的控制机制 两种基本的库存控制系统 独立需求库存的基本模型－经济订货批量（EOQ）模型 INCREASING VARIABILITY OF ORDERS UP THE SUPPLY CHAIN 1、DEMAND FORECAST UPDATING Orders as signals of product demand Forecasting techniques that rely heavily on recent demand observations Long lead times and forecasting difficulties 2、Order Batching Economies of scale in ordering costs and manufacturing setups lead to batching Periodic planning and ordering as part of MRP and periodic review systems Economies of scale in transportation (full truckload rates) “Push” ordering motivated by short term financial performance measures 3、PRICE FLUCTUATION Quantity discounts and advance purchases Variance of buying quantities bigger than variances in consumption rate 4、RATIONING AND SHORTAGE GAMING When demand exceeds manufacturing capacity, we often see rationing of orders Customers exaggerate their real needs (“gaming”) When capacity constraints are removed, orders suddenly drop Example, HP and Laserjet III Printers HOW TO COUNTERACT THE “BULLWHIP” EFFECT Avoid Multiple Demand Forecast Updates 1、 FRAMEWORK FOR SUPPLY CHAIN COORDINATION INITIATIVES Demand forecast update 1、 FRAMEWORK FOR SUPPLY CHAIN COORDINATION INITIATIVES (Contd.) Vendor Managed Inventory (VMI) Continuous Replenishment Program (CRP) Consumer Direct Programs Discount for Information Sharing 2、 FRAMEWORK FOR SUPPLY CHAIN COORDINATION INITIATIVES Order Batching 2、FRAMEWORK FOR SUPPLY CHAIN COORDINATION INITIATIVES (Contd.) 3、 FRAMEWORK FOR SUPPLY CHAIN COORDINATION INITIATIVES Price Fluctuations 4、 FRAMEWORK FOR SUPPLY CHAIN COORDINATION INITIATIVES Shortage Gaming 库存管理概述 按其在生产过程中所处的状态分： 原材料库存 在制品库存 完成品库存 库存的分类(续） 按需求特性分： 独立型需求 相关性需求 库存的分类(续） 按库存的作用分： 周转库存 安全库存 调节库存 在途库存 独立需求库存的控制机制 补充库存机制 将不确定的外部需求问题转化为对内部库存水平的动态监视与补充问题 通过保持适当的库存水平来保证对外界随机需求的恰当服务水平 两大任务： 监视库存状态－何时需要补充库存?