离散数学1.5rules-of-inference.pptVIP

fall 2001 命题逻辑的推理 数理逻辑的主要任务是提供一套推理规则。从给定的前提出发，推导出一个结论来。 前提是一些已知的命题公式，结论是从前提出发,应用推理规则推出的命题公式。 而这推理过程称为演绎或形式证明. 关于重言蕴含? 定义： A、C是两个公式，如果A→C是重言式则称A重言蕴含C，或称A能逻辑地推出 C 记作A ? C 说明： →与?是有区别的，→是联结词，A→C仍然是公式，而?是公式关系符。 ? 描述了两个公式的关系，只能说A ? C式成立或不成立。 公式A→C，当且仅当A真C假时才为假，因此A ? C要成立的充要条件是对一切赋值如果使A为真，必须使C也为真。 重言蕴含? 定义：设A1、A2、…、Am，C是命题公式，如果（A1、A2、…、Am）→C是重言式，则称C是前提集合{ A1、A2、…、Am }的有效结论，或称由{ A1、A2、…、Am }逻辑地推论出C。 由上面?的定义，上面可以记作 A1A2… Am ? C。 Rules of Inference Many of the tautologies are rules of inference. They have the form P1 ù P2ù.....ùPn ?Q where Pi are called the hypotheses（前提） and Q is the conclusion（结论）. Q logically follows from P1 , P2, …,Pn Rules of Inference -推理规则 As a rule of inference they take the symbolic form: P1 P2 . . Pn \Q where \ means therefore or it follows that. Note To prove the theorem means to show that the implication is a tautology. not trying to show that Q (the conclusion) is true, but only that Q will be true if all the Pi are true. mathematical proofs often begin with the statement suppose that P1 , P2, . . . , and Pn are true and conclude with the statement therefore, Q is true‘. The proof does not show that Q is true, but simply shows that Q has to be true if the Pi are all true. Rules of Inference Arguments based on tautologies represent universally correct methods of reasoning. Their validity depends only on the form of the statements involved and not on the truth values of the variables they contain. Such arguments are called rules of inference. Rules of Inference The various steps in a mathematical proof of a theorem must follow from the use of various rules of inference. A mathematical proof of a theorem must begin with the hypotheses, proceed through various steps, each justified by some rule of inference, and arrive at the conclusion. modus ponens(假言推理规则） The tautology P ù (P?Q) ? Q becomes P P?Q \Q This means that whenever P is true and P?Q is true we can conclude logically that Q is true. Famous rules of in