text7-TCP-IP协议簇.pptVIP

Technical English For Communication Engineering The TCP/IP Protocol Suite Based on protocol research and development conducted on (关于) its experimental packet-switched network, ARPANET, the U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) has issued（发行） a set of military standards for computer-communications protocols. Although there are five of these protocols, the entire set is known by the names of two of them: transmission-control protocol (TCP) and internet protocol (IP). These protocols are in widespread The host-to-host layer（到主机层） provides the logic for assuring that data exchanged between hosts are reliably delivered. It is also responsible for directing incoming data to the intended application. The protocol at this layer is the transmission-control protocol. Finally, the process layer contains protocols for specific user applications. For each different type of application, such as file transfer, a protocol is needed that supports that application. Three such protocols are included in the TCP/IP protocol suite: SMTP, FTP, and TELNET. Operation of TCP and IP Figure 7.2 indicates how the TCP/IP protocols are configured for communications. To make clear that the total communications facility may consist of multiple networks, the constituent networks are usually referred to as subnetworks. Some sort of network-access protocol (NAP) such as the Ethernet logic, is used to connect a computer to a subnetwork. This protocol enables the host to send data across the subnetwork to another host or, in the case of（在…情况下） a host on another subnetwork, to a router. IP is implemented in all the end systems and routers. It acts as a relay to move a block of data from one host, through one or more routers, to another host. TCP is implemented only in the end systems: it keeps track of the blocks of data to assure that all are delivered reliably to the appropriate applications. Let us trace a simple operation. Suppose that a process, associat