工学第5讲1 建筑结构抗震基本知识.pptxVIP

第六讲 地震基本知识6.1 地震及其破坏作用1.地震成因和类型The earth is made up of four layers, the crust, the mantle, the outer core, and the inner core. 构造板块 tectonic plates World map showing the tectonic plates with only the larger plates labelled. 构造板块 tectonic plates 地球表面由 21 块不断运动的构造板块构成，板块厚度可达160 公里。板块若相互碰撞，板块会变形，变性达一定程度就会断裂岩石突然断裂会释放冲击波，导致地面震动Global Seismic Hazard Map. The different colors indicate the level of seismic risk in a region. 全球震中分布图The new National Seismic Zoning map of China illustrating the expected ground acceleration with 10% probability of exceedance in 50 years: there is a one-in-ten chance of these values being exceeded locally in any 50 year period. Units are in g断层?Fault岩石断裂后会形成断层This fence crossed the San Andreas Fault. In 1906, the fault ruptured causing the Magnitude 8.3 San Francisco Earthquake. The horizontal movement of the ground caused the fence to move by about 2 metres 断层?Fault岩石突然断裂释放的冲击波（能量）向外传播，会导致地震How Rocks Fracture 震中区：地震发生时震动和破坏最大的地区称为；震中距：受地震影响地区至震中的距离称为震中距；等震线：在同一地震中，具有相同地震烈度地点连线。 震源：地震发生时岩层断裂或错动产生振动的部位；震源深度：震源至地面的垂直距离；震中：震源在地表的垂直投影点；根据地震发生的部位，可将其划分为浅源地震(小于60km)、中源地震(震源深度为60~300km)和深源地震(震源深度大于300km)。震源深度越小，地震对地面造成的破坏性越大。我国发生的地震绝大多数属于浅源地震（震源深度在10~20km左右）。震中震源地震波?冲击波自震源开始向各个方向传波冲击波经过地球表面会引起地面震动 The way the waves spread is a bit like the ripples spreading on a pond when a stone is dropped into it. San Francisco 1906 Earthquake地震波?地震能量以三种波的形式传播P波 Compressional WaveS波 Shear Wave 表面波 Surface Waves地震波?P波传播速度最快， 4-8公里/秒能量传播伴随着岩石颗粒的拉、压。P波运动的方向与岩石颗粒振动方向一致。P波可在液体和固体内传播Compressional Wave (P-Wave) Animation Deformation propagates. Particle motion consists of alternating compression and dilation. Particle motion is parallel to the direction of propagation (longitudinal). Material returns to its original shape after wave passes.地震波?S波S波传播速度是P波的一半， 2-5公里/秒横波S波传播方向与岩石振动方向垂直S波可在固体内传播，不能在液体和空气内传播Shear Wave (S-Wave) AnimationThe people waveShear Wave (S-Wave) AnimationDeformation propagates. Particle motion consists of alternating transverse motion. Partic