生态学 什么是生态学.ppt

Degradative succession is a type of augogenic succession involving colonization and subsequent decomposition of dead organic matter. Different species invade and disappear in turn, as the degradation of the organic matter uses up some resources and makes others available. This process leads to the production of humus and is important in soil formation. Degradative succession Allogenic succession results from external environmental factors, such as long term climatic change (e.g. ice ages) or environmental change over a short time (e.g. sediment accretion). Changes in community structure over time are apparent from pollen analysis of sediment cores. Successional progress depends on species tolerance to environmental conditions such as salinity. Allogenic succession 演替过程 演替受三个过程的强烈影响： （i）促进：正在发展的群落所产生的非生物环境变化，允许其他物种的入侵。 （ii）抑制：一个阶段的物种抵制后来演替的物种的入侵，以至于入侵仅仅在干扰或死亡后才有可能。 （iii）耐受：后期演替的物种的入侵，因为它仍能够忍受较低的资源水平和排斥早期演替的物种。能忍受低资源水平的强竞争的物种，将取代好的机会迁移者而统治顶极群。 Succession is strongly influenced by three processes. Facilitation: changes in the abiotic environment that are imposed by the developing community and allow other species to invade. Inhibition: species of one stage resist invasion by later successional species such that invasion is only possible following disturbance or death. Tolerance: late successional species invade because they are able to tolerate lower resource levels and can outcompete early successional species. Highly competitive species, which are tolerant of low resource levels will replace opportunistic good colonizers and come to dominate the climax community. Successional processes 波动和顶级 群落 作为一个地理区域，没有一个单一的顶极群落，但是都有一个连续的顶极类型系列沿着环境梯度变化着。顶极群落是不稳定的，但是它处于一个连续涨落之中。当演替在早期阶段被阻止的时候，朝向顶极的单向演替并不总是发生的。总之，生物量和物种多样性随着演替的进行而增加，但常常在演替中期阶段达到最大，而不是在顶极群落时。 相关主题 群落对干扰的反应（见R2） Related topics Community responses to disturbance (R2) Fluctuations and the climax community There is