安全评估与监测Health-Assessment--Suveillance.ppt

Health Assessment Surveillance Objectives of this Section To outline the difference between safety and health hazards. To demonstrate a practical methodology for undertaking health risk assessments. To outline the reasons for undertaking health surveillance. To identify some common health hazards present in the quarrying industry. Introduction Health and safety law places a duty on employers to ensure the health as well as the safety of their employees. Yet each year many more people become ill as a result of their work than are killed or injured in industrial accidents. Most diseases caused by work do not kill, but can involve years of pain, suffering and discomfort for those affected. Health and Safety Problems with identifying health risks: The health risk may not be understood or well defined and the cause/effect relationship not established. Health risks tend not to attract widespread publicity or demand the same urgent attention as safety risks. Health risks appear to have little, if any, short term effect and it may be that ill-health does not occur for many years after exposure. Health and Safety Health risks may be more difficult to address, resulting in attention being directed to risks where control is more visible and likely to attract tangible benefits. Comprehensive data on the occupational ill-health may simply not exist in many cases and in practice, the true extent of occupationally related ill-health may be unknown. Risks to health from work activities include: Skin contact with irritant substances, leading to dermatitis etc. Inhalation of respiratory sensitisers, triggering immune responses such as asthma. Badly designed workstations requiring awkward body postures or repetitive movements result in upper limb disorders, repetitive strain injury and other musculoskeletal conditions. Noise levels which are too high, causing deafness and conditions such as tinnitus. Too much vibration, e.g. from hand-held tools leading to hand arm vi