2nd leel analysis – design matrix, contrasts and inference.pptVIP

2nd level analysis – design matrix, contrasts and inference Today’s menu Fixed, random, mixed effects First to second level analysis Behind button-clicking: Images produced and calculated The buttons and what follows.. Contrast vectors, Levels of inference, Global effects, Small Volume Correction Summary Fixed vs. Random Effects Two-stage “Summary Statistic” approach Relationship between 1st 2nd levels 1st-level analysis: Fit the model for each subject.Typically, one design matrix per subject Define the effect of interest for each subject with a contrast vector. The contrast vector produces a contrast image containing the contrast of the parameter estimates at each voxel. 2nd-level analysis: Feed the contrast images into a GLM that implements a statistical test. Similarities between 1st 2nd levels Both use the GLM model/tests and a similar SPM machinery Both produce design matrices. The rows in the design matrices represent observations: 1st level: Time (condition onsets); within-subject variability 2nd level: subjects; between-subject variability The columns represent explanatory variables (EV): 1st level: All conditions within the experimental design 2nd level: The specific effects of interest Similarities between 1st 2nd levels The same tests can be used in both levels (but the questions are different) .Con images: output at 1st level, both input and output at 2nd level 1st level: variance is within subject, 2nd level: variance is between subject. There is typically only one 1st-level design matrix per subject, but multiple 2nd level design matrices for the group – one for each statistical test. Difference from behavioral analysis The ‘1st level analysis’ typical to behavioural data is relatively simple: A single number: categorical or frequency A summary statistic, resulting from a simple model of the data, typically the mean. SPM 1st level is an extra step in the analysis, which models the response of one subject. The statistic generated (β) then ta