医学遗传学02人类基因engv--(精品课件).ppt

The Steps: 1. A portion of the double helix is unwound by a helicase. 2. A molecule of a DNA polymerase binds to one strand of the DNA and begins moving along it in the 3 to 5 direction, using it as a template for assembling a leading strand of nucleotides and reforming a double helix. In eukaryotes, this molecule is called DNA polymerase delta (δ). 3. Because DNA synthesis can only occur 5 to 3, a molecule of a second type of DNA polymerase (epsilon, ε, in eukaryotes) binds to the other template strand as the double helix opens. This molecule must synthesize discontinuous segments of polynucleotides (Okazaki fragments). Another enzyme, DNA ligase I then stitches these together into the lagging strand. When the replication process is complete, two DNA molecules — identical to each other and identical to the original — have been produced. Each strand of the original molecule has remained intact as it served as the template for the synthesis of a complementary strand. This mode of replication is described as semi-conservative: one-half of each new molecule of DNA is old; one-half new. 4. Gene Expression The majority of genes are expressed as the proteins they encode. The process occurs in two steps: Transcription = DNA → RNA Translation = RNA → protein Taken together, they make up the central dogma of biology: DNA → RNA → protein.  Here is an overview Gene Transcription: DNA → RNA DNA serves as the template for the synthesis of RNA much as it does for its own replication. Some 50 different protein transcription factors bind to promoter sites, usually on the 5′ side of the gene to be transcribed. An enzyme, an RNA polymerase, binds to the complex of transcription factors. Working together, they open the DNA double helix. The RNA polymerase proceeds down one strand moving in the 3′ → 5′ direction. In eukaryotes, this requires — at least for protein-encoding genes — that the nucleosomes in front of the advancing RNA poly