毕业论文外文资料翻译欧洲国家的后义务教育需求.docVIP

济南大学毕业设计 2 - 1 - Centre for Economic Performance,1998:1-5 The Demand for Post-Compulsory Education in Four European Countries Steven McIntosh Published by Centre for Economic Performance Abstract This study seeks to explain changes in the proportion of 16 year olds, 17 year olds and 18 year olds who decide to participate in post-compulsory education. Four countries are considered;Germany, the Netherlands, Sweden and England, over as much of the period from 1960 to the present day as data will allow. An initial inspection of the data reveals non-stationarity in virtually all of the series under consideration, so that a cointegration framework is appropriate.The analysis therefore proceeds using the two-stage procedure proposed by Engle and Granger.The results suggest that the key variable that explains the growth in post-compulsory education participation is the increase in prior academic attainment before the end of compulsory schooling.This is the case particularly for females, males being also influenced by the returns available to offering a higher level of education, and the level of real income available to ‘spend’ on education. The level of youth unemployment seems to play only a small part in the decision as towhether to remain in education. Key words Post-Compulsory Education; Educational needs 1. Introduction There follows an attempt to explain movements in the rate of participation in post-compulsory education in four European countries, Germany, the Netherlands, Sweden and England, during the last twenty to thirty years The motivation for the study is to seek explanations for the decision to acquire skills. The rise in demand for skilled labour has been well documented, and it is important to acquire evidence as to whether the supply of skilled labour has also increased, and if so, why. The very low-skilled group are becoming increasingly marginalised in modern labour markets. Evidence has shown that both the employment levels and earnings of the lea