AP-psychology总结Unit4.docVIP

PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 9 Chapter4 Sensation and Perception Sensation perception Sensation:?an?activation?of?our?senses. Perception:??the?process?of?understanding?these?sensations. Transduction a?process?through?which?signals?are?transformed?into?neural?impulses.? ?Signals—neuro?impulses—thalamus—different?cortices?of?the?brain ?(the?sense?of?smell?is?the?one?exception?to?this?rule.) Sensory? adaptation decreasing?responsiveness?to?stimuli?due?to?constant?stimulation Sensory?habituation/ Perceptual adaptation ?our?perception?of?sensations?is?partially?due?to?how?focused?we?are?on?them. Cocktail-party?phenomenon While?talking?to?a?friend,?your?attention?will?involuntarily?switch?across?the?room?when?someone?says?your?name. Energy senses Vision（electromagnetic waves）, hearing (vibration in air) and touch. They?gather?energy?in?form?of?light,?sound?waves,?and?pressure. Chemical senses taste?and?smell. Body position senses Vestibular?and?kinesthetic?help?with?body?position?and?balance. Vision General process: Step1: Gathering light Step2: Within?the?eye Step?3:?Transduction Step?4:?In?the?brain Step1: Gathering light The?color?we?perceived?depends?on?intensity强度?and?light?wavelength光波长. Intensity describes how much energy the light contains, how bright the object appears. Light wavelength determines the particular hue we see. Light wave length: Ultraviolent waves紫外线/X-rays visible light infrared waves红外线/microwaves/ radio waves A red shirt reflects red light and absorbs other colors. A black shirt absorbs all colors. A white shirt reflects all colors. Step2: Within?the?eye Process: Light—cornea—pupil—lens—retina Cornea角膜:?a?protective?covering. Pupil瞳孔: like the shutter of a camera. Iris虹膜 are the muscles that control the pupil. Lens晶状体: on which light focuses through a process called accommodation. It is curved and flexible in order to focus the light. Retina视网膜: the image is projected on it upside down. Like a screen. On this screen are specialized neurons that are