chapter_2-补充材料.pptVIP

EE141 EE141 The First Computer ENIAC - The first electronic computer (1946) The Transistor Revolution The First Integrated Circuits Intel 4004 Micro-Processor Intel Pentium (IV) microprocessor Moore’s Law Moore’s Law Evolution in Complexity Transistor Counts Moore’s law in Microprocessors Die Size Growth Frequency Power Dissipation Power will be a major problem Power density Not Only Microprocessors Challenges in Digital Design Productivity Trends Why Scaling? Technology shrinks by 0.7/generation With every generation can integrate 2x more functions per chip; chip cost does not increase significantly Cost of a function decreases by 2x But … How to design chips with more and more functions? Design engineering population does not double every two years… Hence, a need for more efficient design methods Exploit different levels of abstraction Design Abstraction Levels Design Metrics How to evaluate performance of a digital circuit (gate, block, …)? Cost Reliability Scalability Speed (delay, operating frequency) Power dissipation Energy to perform a function NRE Cost is Increasing Die Cost Single die Cost per Transistor Yield Defects Some Examples (1994) Packaging Packaging Requirements Electrical: Low parasitics Mechanical: Reliable and robust Thermal: Efficient heat removal Economical: Cheap Bonding Techniques Tape-Automated Bonding (TAB) Flip-Chip Bonding Package-to-Board Interconnect Package Types EE141 ? Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Introduction First transistor Bell Labs, 1948 Bipolar logic 1960’s ECL 3-input Gate Motorola 1966 1971 1000 transistors 1 MHz operation In 1965, Gordon Moore noted that the number of transistors on a chip doubled every 18 to 24 months. He made a prediction that semiconductor technology will double its effectiveness every 18 months Electronics, April 19, 1965. 1,000,000 100,000 10,000 1,000 10 100 1 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 8086 80286 i386 i486 Pentium? Pentium? Pro K 1 Billion Transistors Source: Intel Projected Pen