第2章传输层协议设计v4分析解析.pptVIP

* * * * * * REM Match rate clear buffer: It attempts to match user rates to network capacity while clearing buffers (or stabilize queues around a small target), regardless of the number of users. * * * * * * * * * * * * * After FR/FR, when CA is entered, cwnd is half of the window when lost was detected. So the effect of lost is halving the window. [Source: RFC 2581, Fall Floyd, “Simulation based Comparison of Tahoe, Reno, and SACK TCP”] * * * Example: Cwnd = 10. Sender sends packets 1, 2, …, 10. Packets 1, 3, …, 9 are lost, packets 2, 4, …, 10 are received. When 3 dupACK are received, receiver has (at least) received packets 2, 4, 6. Sender retransmits packet 1, and waits, until dupACK due to arrival of packet 10 has been arrived, and then ACK due to retransmitted packet 1 has arrived, acknowledging packets 1 and 2. This last ACK takes Reno out of Fast Recovery, with cwnd = 5. There are now 8 outstanding packets: 3, 4, …, 10. So sender cannot transmit any packet. Note that the sender will not receive any more dupACK since the window has been exhausted. It must wait, until timer expires for packet 3, and then retransmit and goes to slow start. * * [Sources: M. Mathis, J. Mahdavi, S. Floyd and A. Romanow, “TCP Selective Acknowledgement Options”, RFC 2018, Oct. 1996 K. Fall and S. Floyd, “Simulation-based comparisons of Tahoe, Reno and SACK TCP”, Computer Communication Review, July 1996 ] * * * * * * * * * * * * Hardin于1968年发表于Science的文章“公用的悲剧”(The Tragedy of the Commons)可以说是迄今为止描述资源两难问题的最有影响力的文章。在文中Hardin认为现代人过度使用资源的后果将是面临类似于使用同一牧场的牧人所面临的悲剧：在公用牧场之中放牧的牧人尽可能地多饲养牲口以使自己的利益最大化，而这种行为导致的长期后果是牲口的总数超出了牧场所能容纳的极限，草资源很快枯竭。所有的牲口也因为没有足够的食物而面临饿死的境地。 * Hardin于1968年发表于Science的文章“公用的悲剧”(The Tragedy of the Commons)可以说是迄今为止描述资源两难问题的最有影响力的文章。在文中Hardin认为现代人过度使用资源的后果将是面临类似于使用同一牧场的牧 人所面临的悲剧：在公用牧场之中放牧的牧人尽可能地多饲养牲口以使自己的利益最大化，而这种行为导致的长期后果是牲口的总数超出了牧场所能容纳的极限，草资源很快枯竭。所有的牲口也因为没有足够的食物而面临饿死的境地。 * ρ= λ/ μ λ是到达速率 μ是服务速率 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 用Fairness Index计算得到的结果位于0和1